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Putting CO2 to Use: Creating Value from Emissions Technical analysis material properties are similar or better. Concrete is a mixture of cement, water and solid aggregates, such as sand, gravel and crushed stone. It can be produced as ready-mixed concrete which is transported in trucks and set on site, or as pre-cast concrete products. CO2 can be used as a component of the filler (aggregate), as a feedstock in the production of the binding material (cement), and as input for concrete curing (Figure 26). All three applications are built around the same fundamental chemical process involving the reaction of CO2 with minerals, e.g. calcium oxide (burnt lime) or magnesium oxide (magnesia), to form carbonates, which is the form of carbon that makes up concrete. Under the right conditions, CO2 can be transformed into a carbonate without the need for external energy to drive the reaction. However, the CO2 use rates, which vary between 0.02% and 3% by weight of concrete, are much lower than for fuels and chemical intermediates (ICEF, 2017). Concrete curing refers to a series of processes that occur when water, cement and aggregates are mixed. During these processes, cement is converted into interlocking crystals binding the elements of concrete together, which gives the material its strength. By injecting CO2 as part of the concrete mixing process, water is replaced by CO2 to produce calcium carbonate. In fact, this process occurs naturally in regular concrete, but at a very slow rate as the CO2 from the air penetrates the concrete at a rate of only a couple of millimetres per year (Alberici et al., 2017). For pre-cast concrete, this process can be complemented by using curing chambers with an elevated CO2 concentration. The integration of CO2 in the production of cement itself, by reacting it with magnesium minerals or other materials, is a more complex process that is in an earlier stage of development than CO2-cured concrete. A possible advantage of novel cement is that it can use low-grade CO2 or even flue gas coming directly from industrial processes or power plants (Alberici et al., 2017). Both applications of using CO2 result in a reduction of the amount of cement needed in the concrete mixture, thus leading to reduced energy use and CO2 emissions from the production of cement. Aggregates made from CO2 and natural minerals are still in their early development stage and have not been demonstrated at scale. As CO2-curing is the most technologically mature process, the rest of this section focuses on this application. The main value proposition for companies to use CO2 is to make concrete with higher performance and a smaller CO2 footprint than conventional building materials. Other potential benefits are shorter curing times, less water consumption, and a higher strength of concrete compared to conventional practices and products, thus reducing the demand for cement and cost per unit of concrete produced. Figure 26. Mature conversion pathway for CO2-derived building materials IEA 2019. All rights reserved. CO2-derived building materials can be made from CO2 through a carbonation process. PAGE | 55 IEA. All rights reserved.PDF Image | Putting CO2 to Use Creating value from emissions
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