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Putting CO2 to Use: Creating Value from Emissions Technical analysis pre-treatment and reaction of the waste materials and the transport of both the inputs and carbonate products. Industrial areas where suitable waste materials, CO2 and potential product off-takers coexist are good locations to manufacture carbonate materials with maximum overall emissions reductions. The availability of robust and transparent life-cycle assessment studies on carbonated waste products is very limited. Carbon8 reports an absorption rate of 40kgCO2 per tonne of aggregate, although this depends on the type of waste material (Carbon8, 2019). In addition, the firm claims that more carbon is permanently stored during the process than emitted as CO2 in its manufacture, resulting in a carbon-negative aggregate. However, this cannot be verified because the underlying assumptions are not reported. What are the regulatory requirements? Existing regulations, such as the EU End of Waste Regulations, may prohibit the integration of waste in commercial products. A revision of such regulations is needed to allow the use of certain waste materials, provided the environmental integrity of the end product can be guaranteed. Meanwhile, imposing stricter waste disposal regulations may improve the business case for the carbonation of waste materials using CO2. The UK Landfill Tax and Australian bauxite residue disposal rules are currently the main existing enablers for commercial activities in this area. Lastly, the conservative building sector may not readily accept novel building materials. Multi-year trials demonstrating the safe and environment-friendly performance of these products would facilitate this process. In the meantime, targeting market segments that are more receptive towards novel building materials could be an effective strategy. Table 6. Scaling up to a 10 MtCO2 market for building materials from waste and CO2 Technology No major breakthroughs are needed for regular steel, bauxite and air pollution control waste. Scalability The aggregates market is large enough for the use of 10 MtCO2/yr, which equates to around 120 Mt of aggregates. In some locations, there may not be sufficient waste material in the short term as it is under contract with waste disposal companies. Competitiveness Building materials from waste and CO2 may already be competitive with other secondary aggregates. Early markets may be found in locations with high waste disposal costs and coexistence of suitable waste materials, CO2 and product off-takers. Climate benefits As transport distances, pre-treatment of waste materials and carbon uptake in the product have a strong impact on climate benefits, they should be optimised. Regulation and other issues Existing regulations may prohibit integration of waste in products. Multi-year trials are required to demonstrate safe and environment-friendly performance. PAGE | 62 IEA. All rights reserved.PDF Image | Putting CO2 to Use Creating value from emissions
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