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Putting CO2 to Use: Creating Value from Emissions Technical analysis CO2 use to enhance the yield of biological processes What is yield boosting? CO2 can be used to enhance the yield in a variety of biological and chemical processes, typically where CO2 is already used but could be increased to improve process conditions (Figure 28). Today, there are several applications using additional CO2 in the chemical and horticulture industry that are commercial in certain settings and regions worldwide. These include fertilizer and methanol manufacturing as well as crop cultivation in greenhouses. Using CO2 in industrial greenhouses to enrich the growing environment and thereby increase crop yields is the most common and most mature application. The CO2 needs to be very pure to avoid damage to the crops. For some crops, this method can increase yield by up to 25% to 30% (Becker and Kläring, 2016). In addition to CO2, low-temperature heat is needed to stimulate plant growth. Nowadays, the main way of meeting both CO2 and heat demand is through on-site gas-fired boilers or cogeneration systems, although the application of externally sourced CO2 and heat is increasingly being practised. A novel application of CO2 is in the cultivation of algae to produce commercial petroleum substitutes. As with greenhouses, CO2 is artificially introduced to closed systems to enhance algal growth. Algae cultivation has been the subject of a wide range of RD&D and semi- commercial enterprises over recent years, but is still in an early stage of development. Several pilot-scale, closed-system, algae cultivation facilities have been constructed in different parts of the world using purified CO2 from power plants or industrial facilities. The diversity of activities makes it challenging to characterise the status of the technology and the potential scale for CO2 utilisation. The main challenges include low yield rates, system sensitivity to impurities and the high energy requirements for processing algal products. Research efforts focus on improving conversion efficiencies, enhancing production rates and reducing capital costs of bioreactors (NASEM, 2019). Figure 28. CO2 use to enhance the yield of a biological or chemical process CO2 can be used to enhance the yield of biological or chemical processes. IEA 2019. All rights reserved. PAGE | 63 IEA. All rights reserved.PDF Image | Putting CO2 to Use Creating value from emissions
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