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Putting CO2 to Use: Creating Value from Emissions Technical analysis Labelling, certification and testing ....................................................................................................... 70 Research development and demonstration .......................................................................................... 71 Recommendations....................................................................................................................... 73 References .................................................................................................................................. 74 General annexes .......................................................................................................................... 79 Acknowledgements .............................................................................................................................80 List of figures Figure 1. Figure 2. Figure 3. Figure 4. Figure 5. Figure 6. Figure 7. Figure 8. Figure 9. Figure 10. Figure 11. Figure 12. Figure 13. Figure 14. Figure 15. Figure 16. Figure 17. Figure 18. Figure 19. Figure 20. Figure 21. Figure 22. Figure 23. Figure 24. Figure 25. Figure 26. Figure 27. Figure 28. Growth in global demand of CO2 over the years (left); breakdown of demand in 2015 (right).............................................................................................................................6 Simple classification of pathways for CO2 use ............................................................................ 7 CO2 flows for CO2 use applications ............................................................................................. 8 Theoretical potential and climate benefits of CO2-derived products and services ....................... 9 Mature conversion route for CO2-derived fuels and chemical intermediates ............................ 10 Mature conversion pathway for CO2-derived polymers ............................................................ 11 Mature conversion pathway for CO2-derived building materials............................................... 12 CO2 use in a climate pathway with limited availability of CO2 storage ...................................... 14 Simple classification of CO2 use pathways................................................................................ 17 Mature conversion route for CO2-derived fuels and chemical intermediates ............................ 18 Mature conversion pathway for CO2-derived polymers ............................................................ 19 Mature conversion pathway for CO2-derived building materials...............................................20 Growth in global CO2 demand over the years (left) and breakdown of demand in 2015 (right)........................................................................................................................... 21 Breakdown of global investment in CO2 use start-ups by type of investor, 2008-18 .................. 25 Systems perspective of carbon capture and storage and CO2 use............................................. 27 Key factors affecting a future market for CO2-derived products and services ........................... 28 Comparison of hydrogen production costs from electricity and natural gas with CCS in the near term ....................................................................................................................... 30 Life cycle of CO2-derived products and services ....................................................................... 33 System’s perspective of emissions reductions from CO2-derived fuels and chemicals .............. 35 Theoretical potential and climate benefits of CO2-derived products and services.....................40 Mature conversion routes for CO2-derived fuels and chemical intermediates ........................... 42 Mature conversion pathways for CO2-derived methane, methanol and diesel .......................... 43 Indicative production costs of CO2-derived fuels in the near and long term .............................. 44 Indicative production costs of CO2-derived fuels for various full load hours and CO2 price penalty needed for competitiveness with their fossil counterparts ........................................... 46 Mature conversion pathways for CO2-derived polymeric materials .......................................... 50 Mature conversion pathway for CO2-derived building materials............................................... 55 Mature conversion pathway for building materials from waste and CO2...................................60 CO2 use to enhance the yield of a biological or chemical process.............................................. 63 List of boxes Box 1. Box 2. Box 3. Box 4. Box 5. Box 6. A mature application of CO2 use: enhanced oil recovery (EOR) ................................................ 22 Exploiting synergies between CO2 use and CCS .......................................................................24 Infrastructure needed to deliver hydrogen and CO2.................................................................. 29 Initiatives to develop a common LCA framework ..................................................................... 33 The role of CO2-derived products in a clean technology scenario ............................................. 37 Demonstration plants producing fuels from CO2 and H2 ........................................................... 46 PAGE | 82 IEA. All rights reserved.PDF Image | Putting CO2 to Use Creating value from emissions
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