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Chapter 4 Stoichiometry of Chemical Reactions 193 (d) BaCl2(aq) + K2 SO4(aq) ⟶ BaSO4(s) + 2KCl(aq) (e) C2 H4(g) + 3O2(g) ⟶ 2CO2(g) + 2H2 O(l) Solution Redox reactions are identified per definition if one or more elements undergo a change in oxidation number. (a) This is not a redox reaction, since oxidation numbers remain unchanged for all elements. (b) This is a redox reaction. Gallium is oxidized, its oxidation number increasing from 0 in Ga(l) to +3 in GaBr3(s). The reducing agent is Ga(l). Bromine is reduced, its oxidation number decreasing from 0 in Br2(l) to −1 in GaBr3(s). The oxidizing agent is Br2(l). (c) This is a redox reaction. It is a particularly interesting process, as it involves the same element, oxygen, undergoing both oxidation and reduction (a so-called disproportionation reaction). Oxygen is oxidized, its oxidation number increasing from −1 in H2O2(aq) to 0 in O2(g). Oxygen is also reduced, its oxidation number decreasing from −1 in H2O2(aq) to −2 in H2O(l). For disproportionation reactions, the same substance functions as an oxidant and a reductant. (d) This is not a redox reaction, since oxidation numbers remain unchanged for all elements. (e) This is a redox reaction (combustion). Carbon is oxidized, its oxidation number increasing from −2 in C2H4(g) to +4 in CO2(g). The reducing agent (fuel) is C2H4(g). Oxygen is reduced, its oxidation number decreasing from 0 in O2(g) to −2 in H2O(l). The oxidizing agent is O2(g). Check Your Learning This equation describes the production of tin(II) chloride: Sn(s) + 2HCl(g) ⟶ SnCl2(s) + H2(g) Is this a redox reaction? If so, provide a more specific name for the reaction if appropriate, and identify the oxidant and reductant. Answer: Yes, a single-replacement reaction. Sn(s)is the reductant, HCl(g) is the oxidant. Balancing Redox Reactions via the Half-Reaction Method Redox reactions that take place in aqueous media often involve water, hydronium ions, and hydroxide ions as reactants or products. Although these species are not oxidized or reduced, they do participate in chemical change in other ways (e.g., by providing the elements required to form oxyanions). Equations representing these reactions are sometimes very difficult to balance by inspection, so systematic approaches have been developed to assist in the process. One very useful approach is to use the method of half-reactions, which involves the following steps: 1. Write the two half-reactions representing the redox process. 2. Balance all elements except oxygen and hydrogen. 3. Balance oxygen atoms by adding H2O molecules. 4. Balance hydrogen atoms by adding H+ ions. 5. Balance charge[1] by adding electrons. 6. If necessary, multiply each half-reaction’s coefficients by the smallest possible integers to yield equal numbers of electrons in each. 1. The requirement of “charge balance” is just a specific type of “mass balance” in which the species in question are electrons. An equation must represent equal numbers of electrons on the reactant and product sides, and so both atoms and charges must be balanced.PDF Image | Stoichiometry of Chemical Reactions
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