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194 Chapter 4 Stoichiometry of Chemical Reactions 7. Add the balanced half-reactions together and simplify by removing species that appear on both sides of the equation. 8. For reactions occurring in basic media (excess hydroxide ions), carry out these additional steps: a. Add OH− ions to both sides of the equation in numbers equal to the number of H+ ions. b. On the side of the equation containing both H+ and OH− ions, combine these ions to yield water molecules. c. Simplify the equation by removing any redundant water molecules. 9. Finally, check to see that both the number of atoms and the total charges[2] are balanced. Example 4.7 Balancing Redox Reactions in Acidic Solution Write a balanced equation for the reaction between dichromate ion and iron(II) to yield iron(III) and chromium(III) in acidic solution. Cr2O72−+Fe2+ ⟶Cr3++Fe3+ Solution Step 1. Write the two half-reactions. Each half-reaction will contain one reactant and one product with one element in common. Fe2+ ⟶ Fe3+ Cr2O72− ⟶Cr3+ Step 2. Balance all elements except oxygen and hydrogen. The iron half-reaction is already balanced, but the chromium half-reaction shows two Cr atoms on the left and one Cr atom on the right. Changing the coefficient on the right side of the equation to 2 achieves balance with regard to Cr atoms. Fe2+ ⟶ Fe3+ Cr2O72− ⟶2Cr3+ Step 3. Balance oxygen atoms by adding H2O molecules. The iron half-reaction does not contain O atoms. The chromium half-reaction shows seven O atoms on the left and none on the right, so seven water molecules are added to the right side. Fe2+ ⟶ Fe3+ Cr2O72− ⟶2Cr3++7H2O Step 4. Balance hydrogen atoms by adding H+ions. The iron half-reaction does not contain H atoms. The chromium half-reaction shows 14 H atoms on the right and none on the left, so 14 hydrogen ions are added to the left side. Fe2+ ⟶ Fe3+ Cr2O72− ⟶2Cr3++7H2O 2. The requirement of “charge balance” is just a specific type of “mass balance” in which the species in question are electrons. An equation must represent equal numbers of electrons on the reactant and product sides, and so both atoms and charges must be balanced. This content is available for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11760/1.9PDF Image | Stoichiometry of Chemical Reactions
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