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smaller volume products. The most important driving force for using supercritical CO2 in this application area is that it is a generally recognized as safe (GRAS) solvent that leaves no traces in the product. GRAS is the U.S. Food and Drug Admin. (FDA) designation that a chemical or substance added to food is considered safe by experts, and, therefore, is exempt from the usual Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) food additive requirements. Multi-product plants. The high capital cost of building and operating a production plant utilizing supercritical extraction promotes expanding the use of the plant to a multi-product platform. Selective extraction of multiple products can be accomplished by modifying the solvent power of the supercritical fluid. The solvent power is modified by varying the extraction pressure or by adding a co-solvent. Another method to extract multiple products is by sequential depressurization, in which all products are extracted simultaneously. The separation step is performed sequentially through a series of separator vessels. This process is referred to as fractional separation. A WIDE VARIETY OF APPLICATIONS Supercritical CO2’s use in extraction processes has grown fairly quickly. In fact, extraction of food and natural products using supercritical or liquid CO2 can be considered a relatively mature CO2 technology. A wide range of other applications for supercritical CO2 has been investigated, including chemical reactions, polymer production and processing, semiconductor processing, powder production, environmental and soil remediation and dry cleaning. Commercialization for these applications has, however, proceeded at a slower pace than for extraction. Several of these applications are highlighted here. Chemical reactions. Supercritical CO2 has been tested in a variety of industrially important reactions, such as alkylations, hydroformylations, and hydrogenation, as an alternative reaction medium. The incentives to use supercritical CO2 as reaction medium can include (a) replacement of the conventional organic solvent with a “green” solvent, (b) improved chemistry such as reactivity and selectivity, (c) new chemistry, and (d) improved separation and recovery of products and catalysts. Relatively high rates of molecular di!usion and heat transfer are possible with a homogenous, supercritical- CO2 reaction-medium. Limitations to the use of supercritical CO2 as a reaction medium include (a) poor solubility of polar and high- molecular-weight species, (b) no observed improvement in reaction chemistry in some cases, and (c) higher capital investment cost due to higher operating pressures. For reactions not limited by reactant-gas concentrations or other mass-transfer limitations, there is no improvement in reactivity observed when using a homogeneous, supercritical CO2 medium. Polymer production and processing. Applications of supercritical CO2 in polymers include polymerization, polymer composite production, polymer blending, particlePDF Image | SUPERCRITICAL CO2: A GREEN SOLVENT
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