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production, and microcellular foaming. Several applications, particularly those involving low pressures, have been successfully commercialized. At moderate pressure, very few polymers, except for certain amorphous fluoropolymers and silicones, show any significant solubility in CO2. Very high pressure is typically needed to dissolve polymers in supercritical CO2. Its solvent power is weaker than that of n -alkanes. However, high degrees of swelling of the polymer by CO2 can occur at significantly lower pressure. Although many polymers have very low solubility in CO2, the solubility of CO2 in polymers is typically high. This has led to the use of CO2 as a plasticizer. One example of this application area is a process to produce fluoropolymers using supercritical CO2 as the reaction medium that was developed by scientists at the University of North Carolina (Chapel Hill). DuPont has an exclusive license for this process until 2015. A $40-million pilot plant was built in 2000 to produce fluoropolymers using this process technology. The pilot plant is capable of producing 1,100 metric tons per year (m.t./yr) of fluoropolymers. Several grades of melt-processable fluoropolymers produced from this process became commercially available in 2002. However, no further progress to develop the process beyond the pilot plant phase to a large-scale industrial process has occurred. Semiconductor processing. Currently, chip manufacturing involves many wet-chemical processes that use hydroxyl amines, mineral acids, elemental gases, organic solvents and large amounts of high purity water during chip fabrication. One potential application is the use of supercritical CO2 in wafer processing. The low viscosity and surface tension of supercritical CO2 allow for e"cient cleaning of small feature sizes, which is of great importance with the continued miniaturization of integrated circuits. However, the main obstacle to the use of supercritical CO2 in semiconductor cleaning is the high cost. Powder production. One promising application for supercritical CO2 is the production of micro- and nano- scale particles. The pharmaceutical industry currently uses supercritical CO2 mainly to control the powder particle size of products during synthesis. In the 1990s, a U.K.-based company, Bradford Particle Design (now Nektar), developed the Solution Enhanced Dispersion by Supercritical Fluids (SEDS) system to control powder formation from a diverse range of chemicals, including inorganic and organic substances, polymers, peptides and proteins. The use of supercritical CO2 for micronization of pharmaceutical compounds has several potential advantages over conventional techniques such as spray drying, jet milling and grinding. These advantages include minimum product contamination, reduced waste streams, suitability for the processing of thermally, shock or chemically sensitive compounds and the possibility of producing particles with narrow size distribution in a single-step operation. Edited by Dorothy Lozowski ACKNOWLEDGEMENTPDF Image | SUPERCRITICAL CO2: A GREEN SOLVENT
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