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Executive Summary To mitigate climate change, we must further develop the sustainable alternatives to fossil resources to meet our energy and chemical needs. Electricity from solar cells and wind turbines is gradually becoming economically competitive, but economically-viable technologies for the storage of elec- tricity remain critically lacking. Battery technologies are part of the solution, but they are not readily amenable to many activities currently supported by fossil fuels, including large parts of the transport sector (e.g. air and long-distance transportation), energy storage to overcome medium and long term temporal variations, and the transmission of large quantities of energy from one re- gion to another. Synthetic fuels offer a promising alternative to fossil fuels as they have the highest energy density of all energy storage media; can be stored cheaply over long periods of time; and fit into a vast, existing infrastructure for storage, transmission, and use. Beyond their importance as an energy source, fossil resources also form the basis of our current chemical industry, which uses more than 10% of all fossil resources in Europe. Replacing fossil resources with sustainably produced synthetic fuels and chemicals would allow us to close the carbon cycle and eliminate net CO2 emissions, providing the tools to combat climate change. To efficiently convert electricity into sustainable fuels and chemicals, the development of radi- cally new electrochemical and thermochemical catalytic processes that are energy-efficient, selective, and composed of Earth-abundant and non-critical elements is key. The core scientific challenges associated with the realization of such systems lie in molecular and interfacial catalysis. Catalysts for these processes exist, but are limited by their poor efficiency, low product selectivity, high cost, and rarity, making current sustainable processes too expensive to compete with fossil-based ones. Additional technological challenges are associated with the scale-up and integration of sustainable processes, given the enormous size of our energy needs. Furthermore, there are also many social challenges associated with the reshaping of the energy landscape. Major ongoing scientific developments are making new, highly-effective catalysts achievable. These include theoretical methods with predictive power, advanced catalyst synthesis with atom- scale precision, and operando characterization methods. These approaches can be integrated and combined with new machine learning methodology and artificial intelligence (AI) to enable radically accelerated catalyst and chemical process discovery. However, reaching the net 80 to 95 percent iiPDF Image | sustainable production of fuels and chemicals
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