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reduction of EU emissions called for by the Paris Agreement by year 2050 will require swift and targeted efforts toward sustainable fuels and chemicals in the immediate future. Such advances necessitate a large-scale, coordinated approach relying on experts from diverse fields and integrating fundamental discovery with industrial scale-up and social adoption. Towards this end, the present scientific roadmap addresses the main scientific and technological challenges that must be overcome to enable the sustainable production of fuels and chemicals. It is based on input from more than 150 of the top European academic and industrial researchers in the field. A three-day workshop with experts from chemistry, physics, engineering, and the economic and social sciences was the basis for defining the current status, challenges, and foremost research needs of twelve areas that are key to the transition to sustainable fuel and chemical production. These twelve areas fall broadly into three levels of grand challenges: (i) the development and discovery of new catalysts and processes, (ii) scale-up and integration of new processes, and (iii) the engagement of all societal stakeholders. Central to the production of renewable fuels and chemicals is electrochemical water splitting, which produces molecular hydrogen (H2) to be used as a feedstock or fuel. A promising water splitting technology for coupling to renewable electricity utilizes an acidic membrane, necessitating the use of iridium to catalyze the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) due to its stability. Because of the high cost and low abundance of iridium, there is an urgent need to reduce the amount of iridium used by discovering an alternative catalyst with comparable activity and stability. Alkaline electrolyzers can use cheaper catalysts but lack a suitably conductive and stable alkaline membrane. All known OER catalysts have significant overpotentials and could be improved. Two other important electrochemical reactions involve the reduction of CO2 and N2 to pro- duce hydrocarbons, oxygenates, and ammonia. However, neither of these reduction reactions have active or selective enough catalysts to be economically viable. Specifically, for CO2 reduction, making (longer) hydrocarbon or alcohol products, compatible with the current energy sector and chemical industry, requires very large overpotentials. For N2 reduction, both activity and selectivity are significantly worse than nitrogenase enzymes and produce quantities of ammonia that are often below detection limits of conventional techniques. For both reactions significantly more active and selective catalysts are needed. Currently, thermal processes are much more developed at scale than electrochemical pro- cesses, and they will continue to be important as we transition to a fossil-free future. The thermal catalytic reactions explored include N2 reduction, CO2 reduction, and syngas (mixtures of H2, CO, and possibly CO2) chemistries. Generally, these industrial processes run at steady-state using hydrogen derived from natural gas, so an overarching challenge is to make these processes compat- ible with renewable H2 feedstocks. This shift will likely require decentralized and/or intermittent operation at lower temperatures and pressures, necessitating the development of more active and selective catalysts. In general, development of new catalysts, heterogeneous as well as homogenous, for both iiiPDF Image | sustainable production of fuels and chemicals
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