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thermal and electrochemical processes will benefit greatly from improved operando characteriza- tion techniques, theoretical tools for modeling systems under realistic conditions, and multi-scale modeling. Applying AI techniques to catalyst design has the potential to accelerate these efforts, but hinges on more systematic and extensive sharing of reliable data. Furthermore, biological pro- cesses can also be optimized for all of the aforementioned reactions, but the development of a robust systems engineering framework towards the rational design of modular biological and bioinspired catalysts is a key aim. Many of the aforementioned chemistries are fledgling and will face additional technologi- cal challenges related to their scale-up and integration. Even the processes for more established chemistries, e.g. thermal syngas chemistries and N2 reduction, will need to be reoptimized to fit into a renewable energy framework (e.g. intermittent and decentralized operation). General challenges here include the development of modular and robust reactor concepts that facilitate operation under dynamic, transient, and intermittent conditions. Accelerating scale-up from benchtop to pilot-scale requires increased communication between research institutions and industry, and further scale-up would benefit from instruments, such as testbeds, that facilitate high-risk prototype testing by sharing the risk among public and private stakeholders. Furthermore, technologies that utilize CO2 as a feedstock must ultimately be integrated with a CO2 source via a CO2 capture process. Challenges here include the design and implementation of a CO2 network infrastructure, process optimization that accounts for incompatibility between CO2 source and sink (e.g. steady-state power plant point-source vs. intermittent electrochemical CO2 reduction), and the development of improved CO2 capture technologies. Finally, the critical role that society will play in the transition to renewable energies cannot be understated. In particular, industrial actors can hybridize existing processes to be compatible with electricity from renewable sources, lead in the development of fully integrated demonstration projects at relevant scales, and strengthen academic collaborations. To facilitate the transition to sustainable fuel and chemical production at an industrial scale, regulatory action must be taken by the legislature to encourage proper life cycle analysis practices and to make “green” hydrogen more cost-competitive in the short term (e.g. by imposing a CO2 tax, enforcing renewable blending quotas, or gradually lowering the CO2 emissions quotas of individual sectors over time). It is critical to find an effective, efficient, and fair governance structure for the transition to a sustainable future. Research questions include how to trigger and secure investments, prevent carbon leakage, regulate emissions, encourage social acceptance, and involve consumers and other stakeholders, including (non-) governmental bodies, effectively. ivPDF Image | sustainable production of fuels and chemicals
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