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over long periods of time, and fit into a vast, existing infrastructure for storage, transmission, and use. Replacing fossil fuels with sustainably produced synthetic fuels would allow us to close the carbon cycle and eliminate net CO2 emissions (Figure 2), providing the tools to combat climate change and to make nations more energy-independent. Eliminating the need for fossil fuels as an energy source is not enough, however. Fos- sil resources also form the basis of our current chemical industry. Polymers, adhesives, and lightweight carbon composites, just to mention a few products, all consist of carbon backbones. The chemical industry uses more than 10% of all fossil resources in Europe [3, 4]. Therefore, replacing the fossil feedstocks currently used in the chemical industry with sustainably pro- duced base chemicals would play a significant role in decreasing net CO2 emissions. Captur- ing and storing underground the CO2 produced by current processes can also serve to decrease these emissions but is not the focus of this work [5]. Figure 2: A sustainable carbon cycle. CO2 from the atmo- sphere is reduced to a fuel, which stores energy for later use in a combustion process, which again releases CO2 to the at- mosphere. Therefore, the cycle is carbon-neutral. The critical, missing technology is efficient reduction of CO2 using sustain- able energy. Such a process requires both CO2 sequestration (by plants or absorbers) and chemical transformation into larger car- bon chains (fuels). A similar cycle exists for nitrogen. Graphics courtesy of Jakob Kibsgaard, DTU. A system in which renewable sources are used as primary input and products are recycled at their end of life is referred to as a “circular economy.” The conversion of abundant molecules (in particular, water, CO2, and N2) into fuels and base chemicals (e.g. H2, methanol, light olefins, aro- matics, and ammonia) using renewable electricity and electrocatalysis, photocatalysis, or thermal catalysis is an essential component in any such sustainable energy and chemical production system, as illustrated in Figure 3. The use of non-edible biomass as a carbon source to produce impor- tant chemicals and fuels represents another interesting avenue, but it is beyond the scope of this work. There is today technology (electrolysis combined with traditional thermal catalysis) that can produce fuels and base chemicals from renewable electricity. But currently no existing technology can do it in an adequately efficient way to be economically competitive with fossil resource-based processes [6]. In addition, the distributed nature of electricity production from solar panels and wind turbines calls for distributed energy storage, which is also technologically challenging. To solve these challenges, the discovery and development of radically new processes, materials, and technologies is key. In order for the conversion of electricity into fuels and chemicals to be economically viable, these processes must be energy-efficient, selective towards desired products, and based on Earth-abundant and non-critical elements. The core scientific challenges for these systems lie in molecular and interfacial catalysis. Additional technological challenges are associated 2PDF Image | sustainable production of fuels and chemicals
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