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The fourth approach to water electrol- ysis operates at higher temperatures using solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOEC). The SOEC technology is based on the use of a dense ceramic electrolyte that conducts oxy- gen anions from the cathode where hydrogen is generated to the anode where oxygen is generated. Owing to the low conductivity of such ceramics at low temperature, SOEC are operated at high temperatures of ∼800 ◦C. The use of high temperature benefits both the chemical kinetics and thermodynamics, which results in improved efficiency, but also leads to accelerated degradation. SOEC also suffer from mechanical stress placed on the dense ceramics by the pressure differential. The fol- lowing report will focus primarily on the three low-temperature technologies (AWE, PEMWE, and AEMWE) and the reader is directed to Section 9 for more discussion on SOEC systems. Figure 1.2 compares practical characteristics of AWE, PEMWE, and SOEC technologies with a spider map (AEMWE technology is not included owing to its early stage of development). While the membrane technologies, PEMWE and AEMWE, are considered to be better suited to the transition to an energy system based on intermittent, renewable electricity, none of the above water electrolysis technologies in their current form meet the requirements for sustainable hydrogen production at scale required for sustainable fuel and chemical production [1]. 1.3 Future research needs Based on the challenges facing current water electrolysis technologies outlined above, we have defined the following three key research needs that require attention in the near future. 1.3.1 Decreasing iridium usage in PEMWE anodes As discussed above, decreasing the usage of iridium at the PEMWE anode by a factor of 50 is a critical requirement for the technology to make an impact at the global scale. Shown in Figure 1.3 are two distinct research directions that can address this challenge: • Discovery of a new OER catalyst with improved intrinsic activity and comparable stability 13 Figure 1.2: Spider map for the three mature water electrolyzer technologies (AWE, PEMWE and SOEC); taken from Section 9.PDF Image | sustainable production of fuels and chemicals
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