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compared to iridium. This could be achieved by an acid-stable mixed metal oxide, carbide, sulfide, nitride or by substitution with inert metals. • Better utilization of the catalyst material, which may be obtained by discovery of a new stable and conductive support material (e.g. transition metal nitrides) Figure 1.3: Two main research directions for reducing the usage of iridum catalysts: better intrinsic activity and better utilization through the use of a stable and conductive support. 1.3.2 Advancing fundamental understanding of OER electrocatalysis To surpass the current state of the art materials in terms of both activity and stability, we need in-depth experimental and theoretical insight into the mechanistic pathways and properties of the electrochemical interface under operating conditions. For this, in situ/operando measurements are essential to bridge the methodological gap that exists for current computational methods to de- scribe electrocatalysts under realistic conditions. This calls for covering a wide materials spectrum ranging from model systems, such as single-crystalline electrodes, to device-implementable catalyst materials. This also calls for extensive development of new methods including • Photon-based spectroscopies and electron-based spectroscopies and microscopies: surface-sensitive techniques with time and space resolution to resolve the catalytic interme- diates under reaction conditions • Computational methods: more realistic representation of the electrochemical interface and data-driven approaches to discover new materials (see Section 8) • Evaluation of real electrochemically active surface areas (ECSA): new chemical probes/approaches that quantify the number of electrochemically active sites. This is es- pecially challenging for oxides and non-metallic materials in general, but it is essential to accurately assess intrinsic catalytic activity. 14PDF Image | sustainable production of fuels and chemicals
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