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1.3.3 Optimizing electrolyzer components besides the electrode The majority of research efforts in water electrolysis today focus on electrode materials, especially the electrocatalyst. Below are other important research directions that should be pursued to improve the overall of current and future devices. • Developing an AEM membrane: AEMWE systems represent an improvement over PEMWE systems in that they do not require acid-stable catalysts such as iridium-oxide. However, the current state of the art anion conducting membranes are inferior to proton con- ducting membranes in terms of conductivity, gas permeability, and, in particular, stability. These challenges may be met by developing: i) ultra-thin membranes, ii) new ion conduc- tion mechanisms inside solids/membranes, iii) mechanical/chemical stabilization based on new chemical backbones/side chains. Additionally, novel approaches to interface engineering should be explored, including the use of new liquid electrolytes as well as solid electrolytes operating at elevated temperatures (100-400 ◦C) with a water vapor feed. • New porous transport layer and bipolar plate components and design concepts: PTLs consist of a thin micro-porous layer (MPL) directly adjacent to a macro porous layer. With the MPL facing the electrode layer to ensure its function as a current collector, PTLs on the anode and cathode control charge and mass transport (water, oxygen, hydrogen) between the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) and the bipolar plates in PEMWE and AEMWE. PTLs on the anode of electrolyzers are typically made of expensive titanium materials, which form insulating oxides over time, leading to increased ohmic losses. This is why, today, PTLs have to be protected by expensive noble-metal Pt and Ir coatings. A similar problem exists for the bipolar plates. This explains why bipolar plates and PTLs are responsible for the bulk of today’s electrolyzer stack cost. To meet these challenges, novel inexpensive ultra- thin MPL, PTL and Bipolar Plate materials with high electrical conductivity, high corrosion stability, and good mechanical stability must be developed. New PTL morphologies may include meshes, fleeces, or layered expanded metal alloys could be used to realize flow-field less plate designs. In addition, tailored noble-metal free anti-corrosion coatings are needed to prevent surface oxidation of the PTL bulk material [3]. In addition to the cost and ohmic resistance challenges of today’s bipolar plates and PTLs, the formation of gas bubbles on the electrode surface limits the over efficiency of electrolyzer cells. In order to lower the local bubble formation at the catalyst surface, future MPL/PTL design must be designed with a balance between hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity . Promising approaches include expanded porous Teflon sheets (GoreTex) adjacent to electrode layers which allow for the gas to penetrate, yet prevent liquid water from crossing thereby preventing bubble formation at the catalyst [4]. 15PDF Image | sustainable production of fuels and chemicals
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