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• Harmonization of test protocols and experimental best practices: Development of accelerated stress tests specific for different cell components and establishing standards for measuring electrochemical surface area and reporting surface specific activity. • Computational multiscale modeling of membrane electrode assembly structure: Current modeling efforts are primarily focused on atomistically describing the electrochem- ical interface. Multiscale modeling of the entire electrochemical cell will aid in the rational design of new cell and stack architectures, which is especially important when scaling up new technologies (see Section 9). • Exploring self-healing materials and mechanisms: to break the activity/stability com- promise for OER catalysts, the notion of self-healing materials needs to be explored on a more fundamental level using techniques that follow corrosion and degradation at the atomic scale. This could be done with the use of identical-location electron microscopy or by coupling ICP-MS with gas detection techniques to estimate the faradic efficiency for a given catalyst. 1.4 Specific research goals Table 1.1 lists important performance metrics for current state of the art AWE and PEMWE technologies as well as targets that should be achieved in the next ten years. 1.5 Conclusion Two mature low temperature water electrolysis technologies currently exist, AWE and PEMWE. To make these technologies viable on a global scale, their advantages must be combined. For AWE, the primary advantage is the usage of cheap materials thanks to the alkaline environment. For PEMWE, the primary advantages are higher current densities and superior performance un- der dynamic loads. These advantages can all be realized in a single device by either developing a suitable anion conducting membrane or by reducing or replacing iridium usage in acidic envi- ronments (Figure 1.4). Both of these strategies rely on improved fundamental understanding of material structure-property relationships obtained via in situ/operando experiments and first prin- ciples simulation. Even the best known OER catalysts to date have non-negligible overpotentials, and furthering fundamental understanding may also lead to the discovery of OER catalysts with improved activity. While the majority of research efforts in water electrolysis today focus on elec- trode materials, we have identified other important research directions that should be pursued to improve overall performance of current and future devices. 16PDF Image | sustainable production of fuels and chemicals
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