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and on the dedicated and synergetic collaboration between theoretical and experimental groups. Theoretical models should also be used to consider less conventional areas and process conditions, e.g. exploring novel electrode materials beyond copper and silver. 2.3.4 Optimizing device performance and scale-up As discussed above, flow cells with gas diffusion electrodes that operate at practically relevant cur- rent densities (>100 mA/cm2) have started to emerge. As electrode assemblies that can sustain higher current densities become available, they should be tested in larger scale electrolyzers (up to 1 kW) using standardized and commonly agreed upon protocols. This should result in system-wide stable components with larger electolyzer areas, possibly including stack configurations. Consider- ation of cell components other than the catalyst (e.g. membrane, electrolyte, cell architecture) is also essential. In particular, stable anion exchange membranes with affinity to CO2 are still lack- ing. Simultaneously optimizing every piece of the CO2RR process will require effective cooperation among catalysis design, interfacial electrochemistry, materials science, and chemical engineering, and thorough consideration and integration of upstream (CO2 capture, see Section 10) and down- stream processes (product separation and conversion of e.g. CO or formic acid by thermal catalysis or microbial electrochemistry to higher-value products). For example, most preliminary CO2RR applications and studies rely on the availability of concentrated CO2 from industrial point-sources and the assumption of clean CO2 streams. A future challenge would be efficient operation us- ing mixed gaseous streams or CO2 from direct air capture. Dynamic and intermittent operation of catalysts and systems will be another crucial aspect for the successful implementation of this technology. Further discussion on such system design issues are given in Sections 9 and 10. 2.3.5 Exploring novel systems and reaction conditions To accelerate progress in the field, new ideas should be pursued, such as operation at high pressures (including supercritical CO2), at intermediate to high temperatures, and in non-aqueous solvents and unconventional electrolytes and with novel membrane architectures. There are exciting op- portunities to learn and gain inspiration from mechanistic insights obtained in neighboring fields (e.g. thermal heterogeneous catalysis, enzymatic and microbial catalysis, homogeneous/molecular catalysis) and to explore hybrid catalytic approaches. 2.4 Specific research goals Table 2.1 summarizes practical goals for the CO2RR community moving forward. In the next 5 years, significant progress should be made on the development of CO2 electrocatalysts and elec- trolyzers for CO and formic acid production, culminating in devices that operate at relevant current 24PDF Image | sustainable production of fuels and chemicals
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