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sustainable production of fuels and chemicals

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sustainable production of fuels and chemicals ( sustainable-production-fuels-and-chemicals )

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Table 2.1: Roadmap for CO2RR. State-of-the-art 5 years 10 years Catalysts Ag, Cu, Fe- and Co- based molecular catalysts Metallic, non-metallic, molecular, bio & hybrid Current density 100-300 mAcm-2 500 mAcm-2 1000 mAcm-2 Stable cell V 3.0 V 2.5 V 2.0 - 2.2 V Faradaic Efficiency 95% for CO & HCOOH 60-70% C2H4 100% for CO & HCOOH Other products with reasonable FE Single-pass Efficiency 10-30 % 40% 60% Stability > 100 h > 1000 h > 10000 h Practical Deliverables EU test beds with realistic feedstocks, EU labs for testing & benchmarking 1KW electrolyzers Pilot plant industrial electrolyzers for CO, HCOOH and C2H4 (10,000 t/year), Pilot scale plants for value-added products (halides, H2O2, organics) & intermittent electricity supply densities (>100 mA/cm2) with high Faradaic efficiency and good stability (>100 hours). Simultane- ously, “niche” applications for CO2RR to higher-value products should be identified. For instance, CO2RR might be combined with other conversions (paired electrolysis to produce value-added products at the anode at reduced energy cost, cascade and tandem systems, thermal catalysis, organic synthesis, microbial electrocatalysis). In the long term (5-10 years and beyond), emphasis should be placed on the synthesis of high-density fuels and other high-value chemi- cals (Figure 2.7) at commercially relevant cur- rent densities (500-1000 mA/cm2) [12]. Consid- eration should be given to integrating electro- chemical CO2 reduction processes with indus- trial processes (e.g. Fischer-Tropsch), micro- bial “upgrading”, separation, and other down- stream operations as well as the integration with upstream CO2 capture. Figure 2.7: High density fuel targets and illustration of cell scale-up. Adapted with permission from [12]. To achieve these practical goals, benchmarks will need to be defined for each component of the cell, e.g. catalyst, membrane, ionomer, electrolyte, gas-diffusion layer, and cell frame. Life-cycle analysis of these components should be performed, and product separation and materials recycling should be considered. 25

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