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Figure 3.1: Overview of promising options for thermo-catalytic conversion of CO2 if combined with hydrogen as a renewable reductant. However, even these developed technologies will be required to face the challenges associated with renewable energy feedstocks. Besides decentralization in small units, these include intermittent operation and use of abundant catalyst materials. The state of the art and challenges associated with renewable conversion of CO2 to methanol, synthesis gas, methane, and bulk and fine chemicals are covered below in more detail. 3.2.1 CO2 -to-Methanol Methanol is an important commodity chemical with great potential as a fuel or hydrogen carrier and thus a preferred target of CO2 hydrogenation [1]. Today methanol is synthesized industrially from CO2-containing CO/H2 synthesis gas originating from fossil sources using catalysts based on copper, zinc oxide and alumina. As it is known that CO2 is converted much faster than CO in this process for the current industrial catalyst, it may be argued that a large-scale, mature industrial CO2 conversion process already exists (i.e. CO2 + 3H2 → CH3OH + H2O, ∆Ho = -49.8 kJ/mol). In fact, CO2 to methanol synthesis has already been developed to the level needed for the realization of certain demonstrator plants. In particular, a plant is operational in Iceland, and a plant developed in Germany as an Horizon 2020 project is newly operational [2] and planned to be scaled-up in China (Figure 3.2). Unfortunately, this technology is not ready to be used to meet our future energy goal of decentralized conversion of CO-free CO2/H2 feeds from CCU (Section 12). Because the methanol synthesis reaction from CO2 is subject to the strong equilibrium limitations imposed by the 220- 250 ◦C required by current catalysts, the process requires high pressures of synthesis gas (50-100 29PDF Image | sustainable production of fuels and chemicals
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