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bars). Additionally, the coupled product, water (or related adsorbed oxygen species at the catalyst surface), kinetically inhibits the catalyst’s activity. The latter is mediated in the industrially employed CO2-containing CO/H2 synthesis gas feeds by CO functioning as a scavenger for water and surface oxygen species (i.e. CO + H2O → CO2 + H2). Thus, the overall reaction in the presence of CO becomes CO + 2H2 → CH3OH, such that minimal CO2 is net consumed. The forward water gas shift reaction thus plays an important role in conventional methanol synthesis, but the same reaction lowers the selectivity in CO2/H2 feeds because the reverse shift sets in and competes for the hydrogen in the feed. Thus, while the industrial methanol synthesis process and its catalyst serve as a mature starting point, further research efforts will be required to realize an efficient CCU process leading to methanol. In particular, advances in understanding the state-of-the-art Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalyst are likely to help the field progress [4]. Despite in- tensive research, there are still many unknowns in terms of the reaction mechanism and roles of the various components in the catalyst. Funda- mental research is also needed to develop new materials for example by particle size control [5], better Zn-promotion [6], efficient new pro- moters [7] or novel bi-metallic catalysts [8, 9]. 3.2.2 CO2 -to-CO Because synthesis gas (CO/H2) feeds are com- patible with mature conventional synthesis gas processes such as unmodified methanol synthe- sis, Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) [10, 11] and possibly higher alcohol synthesis (HAS) [12], developing technologies to efficiently con- vert CO2 to CO represents another promising route to fuels and chemical production from CO2. As an alternative to co-electrolysis, re- newable hydrogen can be reacted with CO2 to produce synthesis gas feeds (CO/H2) via the reverse water gas shift reaction (RWGS: CO2 + H2 → CO + H2O). However, for such product streams to be compatible with conventional processes such as methanol production, water would need to be removed first. The direct use of CO2/H2 feeds in FTS or HAS, for example, will present 30 Figure 3.2: The plan of a methanol synthesis plant using so- lar/wind electricity to produce hydrogen and react it with flue gas from a coal-fired power station [2, 3]. Additionally, down- stream processes, such as the methanol-to-olefins process (MTO, Section 4) or direct synthesis of dimethyl ether, can offer further benefit if combined with methanol synthesis in a one-step pro- cess (without intermediate condensation and purification) be- cause of the improvement of the CO2 conversion equilibrium. The light olefins produced by MTO provide a possible route to kerosene through oligomerisation. The potential of such tan- dem or coupled reactions when paired with new catalyst and reactor concepts, such as operation in the liquid phase, has not yet been fully explored and represents a promising direction for future research.PDF Image | sustainable production of fuels and chemicals
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