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illustrated by the long-standing mechanistic puzzles in Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FTS), including (i) the higher reactivity of low-index metal surfaces; (ii) the effect of water on turnover rates and selectivity; (iii) the infrequent initiation, but rapid growth of hydrocarbon chains; (iv) the activation of refractory and strongly-bound CO at modest temperatures; (v) the difficulty to control temperature and mass transfer phenomena at the reactor level. Together with the constantly changing nature of the active catalyst surfaces these questions illustrate the complexity that needs to be addressed to advance understanding from the present level and develop the required processes. The anticipated changes of the currently highly centralized refining and petrochemical indus- try into decentralized units that link renewable energy harvesting to storage in chemical bonds will lead to drastically different boundary conditions for sustainable production of fuels and chemicals. Sustainability demands the minimization of energy and materials use and waste production, a neu- tral or negative CO2 footprint, and the avoidance of generation and emission of (other) green-house gases. The transition to distributed manufacturing of fuels and chemicals requires the development of new processes at flexible (lower) scales, in addition to strategic improvements in existing and anticipated large-scale processes (Figure 4.1). Figure 4.1: Development trajectory for decentralized chemical and fuel manufacturing. • For all syngas related processes, at least an order of magnitude higher rates of reaction at lower temperatures will be required to substantially increase conversion per pass to near complete conversion of at least one of the reactants. • The higher rates need to be combined with higher selectivity, which can be controlled by engineering the free energy landscape to minimize the heights of free energy barriers while maintaining specificity to a particular reaction pathway (high selectivity). • Processes will require single stage design, combining flexibility, robustness, and modularity. They need to be designed for a particular catalyst. 40PDF Image | sustainable production of fuels and chemicals
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