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when redox active supports are used [1]. However, many of these rely on scarce elements, and still very little is known about the reaction mechanism, leading to issues with optimization. Similar catalysts can also be of interest for methanol synthesis from syngas. 4.3.3 Dimethylether Dimethylether (DME) is an especially interesting product because it can be utilized as a fuel for heating and transportation and as intermediate in the synthesis of olefins, gasoline, and aromatics [5] (Figure 4.3). Compared to methanol, DME synthesis offers the potential for higher single-pass conversions, as judged from the thermodynamic equilibria. Figure 4.3: Strategies to couple methanol synthesis directly or in sequence with upgrading technologies. Reproduced with permission from [5]. Dimethylether is currently produced at industrial scale from methanol using dehydra- tion catalysts such as γ-Al2O3. Pilot plants for direct conversion of CO-rich syngas either in gas-phase or liquid phase have been explored, using reactors filled with mixtures of methanol and dehydration catalysts. No large-scale im- plementations for direct DME-synthesis operat- ing at high and/or variable CO2/CO and H/C ratios are known. New reactor and catalyst concepts should allow synthesis from syngas in a single pass to simplify downstream processing. Such high single-pass conversions, however, may have to be achieved even at high and fluctuating CO2-concentrations. New catalyst systems with enhanced stability and reactor design concepts are needed that tolerate water as side-product, for example, multifunctional catalysts with adjustable concentrations of metal and acid sites. 4.3.4 Methanol to hydrocarbons Direct and indirect pathways for methanol to hydrocarbons (MTH) are of high importance because the current infrastructure is optimized for liquid hydrocarbon fuels. The stepwise route, i.e. syngas to methanol to hydrocarbons, has been commercialized in many variants ranging from a focus on gasoline to one on light alkenes [6]. As currently practiced, syngas is converted to methanol at 50-100 bar and 220-260 ◦C with >99 % methanol selectivity, and a methanol-to-hydrocarbons step using a zeotype catalyst occurs at 350-500 ◦C. During the past two decades, substantial progress has been made to decipher the influence of Brønsted (and Lewis) acidity, site distribution, zeolite topology, crystal size and morphology, and process conditions on catalyst activity and selectivity. However, the lack of spatial and temporal resolution of the information makes direct feedback for catalyst and process development complex. In a 5-year scenario, combination of the two process steps in one process stage would lead to 43PDF Image | sustainable production of fuels and chemicals
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