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important chemical building blocks and precursors for the synthesis of transportation fuels. On a 5-year horizon, the main challenges for the direct production of fuels are as follows. • Selectivityisproblematic,asawiderangeofproductsfollowingthewell-knownbroadAnderson- Schulz-Flory distribution is produced. To narrow this distribution requires a second catalytic function or a confined catalyst showing shape selectivity that modify the hydrocarbon size and operate under identical conditions. • The required pressures (>20 bar) increase process cost. • The moderate productivity of state-of-the-art catalysts require large reactors. • High exothermicity poses challenges in temperature control. On this timescale, the development of multifunctional catalysts able to selectively produce C7-C12 iso-alkanes, while minimizing the formation of gaseous products, should also be addressed. In parallel, significantly more research at the reactor system level is required to overcome mass and heat transport limitations. On a 10-year horizon, it is important to develop catalysts for operation at significantly lower pressures, enabling decentralization. This is especially linked to the valorization of CO2, which requires catalysts able to tolerate the large chemical potential of water. 4.3.2 Methanol synthesis For methanol synthesis, decentralized syngas conversion will require highly active and selective catalysts, operating under a wide range of reaction conditions near thermodynamic equilibrium and in the presence of large concentrations of CO2 [3]. Since the first generation of catalysts (Cu-ZnO-Al2O3), research has focused on the chemical and structural elements of the catalyst. The ternary Cu-ZnO-Al2O3 system, however, has a limited tolerance to water resulting from CO2 hydrogenation. To improve its stability, the catalyst is applied at temperatures not exceeding 250 ◦C and pressures not lower than 70 bar. Under these conditions, low conversions per pass are achieved and a large part of the product stream needs to be recycled [4]. This results in high compressor and cooling costs and low productivity per-pass, which are not compatible with anticipated decentralized production. On a 5- and 10- year horizon, two alternative solutions are envisaged: (i) catalysts able to operate at low temperatures to achieve high conversions per pass at moderate pressures and (ii) catalysts that can maintain high methanol selectivity at higher temperatures and lower pressures with higher cost efficiency and the potential of coupling to higher-temperature processes such as the methanol to hydrocarbons (MTH) reactions, thus avoiding thermodynamic limitations. Recent research on the synthesis of methanol via hydrogenation of CO2 has demonstrated that alternative bimetallic catalysts hold great promise in terms of stability and productivity, especially 42PDF Image | sustainable production of fuels and chemicals
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