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substantial reduction of investment. If to be realized in one reactor, the focus should be on bridging the temperature gap between methanol synthesis and MTH. For a 10-year horizon, distributed fuels production calls for a radically different approach, ideally one that lowers the reactor temperature to 150-250 ◦C and operates at moderate pressure. Such a strategy imposes challenges on the MTH side, since the shape-selective hydrocarbon chemistry has high activation energies. The current Cu-based catalysts exhibit lower methanol selectivity at higher temperature, and gradually poison Brønsted acid sites active for the MTH reaction. Hence, novel catalyst sites must be designed for both steps and integrated with new reactor designs able to better dissipate heat. Shape selectivity will remain key to steer the selectivity, but the low temperature operation may open the material basis to include organic-inorganic hybrid materials. The potential for specific stabilization of transition states by such catalysts offers ample space for development using insight from cross-cutting approaches, as described in Section 4.4. 4.3.5 Oxymethylene dimethyl ethers Figure 4.4: Reaction pathways to oxymethylene dimethyl ethers. Reproduced with permission from [7]. Oxymethylene dimethyl ethers (OME), especially, OME3- 5, are suitable diesel-blends with excellent combustion properties. Longer OME (POM) are used as poly- mer additives. Most impor- tantly, OME can be concep- tually synthesized from H2 produced by water electrolysis and CO2 captured from atmosphere (Figure 4.4). For OME>1, methanol and formaldehyde are the currently used feedstocks. Two synthetic strategies are domi- nant, “water-free” and “with water release” [7]. The former gives rise to OME3-5 in high yields, but it is not applied on an industrial level because of the high cost of DMM and trioxane. Notably, the “water-free” oligomerization of formaldehyde has been used for many years in polymer indus- try. Very recent publications showed a high potential of applying gaseous formaldehyde for OME synthesis as well as direct OME>1 production in gas-phase methanol oxidation. The currently accessible strategy, “with water release,” utilizes less costly methanol and aqueous formaldehyde or paraformaldehyde as substrates. However, the presence of water in the reaction system causes an equilibrium shift towards the reagents, decreases the yield of target products, and slows the reaction kinetics. Most dramatically for process design, the presence of water results in a challenging separation due to its similar boiling point to OME2. Water also chemically binds to formaldehyde, which significantly complicates recovery of the target products 44PDF Image | sustainable production of fuels and chemicals
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