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• Directly electroreduce N2 via an efficient electrochemical process at ambient conditions (1 bar, <100 ◦C) The electrochemical route is particularly interesting because the ammonia could be manufac- tured out in open spaces, capturing sunlight and nitrogen, and using water as part of the irrigation, implying that there would be no need to drive trucks to deliver the fertilizers or use the tractors that apply them. There would be reduced problems with excess fertilizers and runoff, since the ammonia would be slowly produced at the appropriate concentration and then mixed into water during the irrigation process. Moreover, low-temperature operation is particularly amenable to rapid start up and shut down and thus ideal for coupling with intermittent renewable energy sources. The on-site electrochemical production of ammonia would initially be best suited for remote locations in developing countries, which lack the centralised infrastructure and transportation network to distribute ammonia. In Europe, it may be challenging for electrochemically produced ammonia to compete with ammonia derived from the Haber-Bosch process. In the short to medium term, the synthesis of higher value nitrogen-containing molecules such as urea, acetonitrile or even more complex molecules such as pyridines could be more attractive. Whilst the electrosynthesis of these products is at present undeveloped, the scales at which the chemicals are used are much smaller than ammonia and thus a better fit with present electrolysis capability. Figure 5.1 illustrates the two separate approaches to sustainable N2 reduction where the similarities and differences of the two prototypical interfaces are highlighted. At a purely chemical interface (top Figure 5.1), heat provides the energy for the adsorbed species to overcome reaction barriers. In contrast, the electrochemical interface (bottom Figure 5.1) drives the reaction through electrostatic potential differences, which drive elementary steps involving charge transfer (ions and/or electrons). Figure 5.1: Catalytic reduction of N2 at the gas-solid (top) and gas-solid-liquid electrolyte (bottom). Catalytic scission of the N2 and H2 molecules are the first steps in the thermal process followed by step wise hydrogenation of the nitrogen atom. In the electrochemical process, it is considered that protons are transferred across the interface directly to the N2 molecule and the N-N bond is broken later in the reaction sequence. 50PDF Image | sustainable production of fuels and chemicals
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