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direct conversion routes for the production of important chemicals. These co-called “dream reac- tions” would consume renewable energy sources and materials (ideally those that can be harvested from the air, e.g. CO2, H2O, and N2) and directly convert them to value-added products and es- sential molecular functional groups, thereby circumventing multistep reaction sequences involving separation and purification of reagents. The high reactivity and excellent atomic-level design con- trol of homogeneous catalysts can be exploited to develop pathways and analyze reaction networks for these complex “dream reactions,” which largely require multi-electron redox processes and se- quential bond breaking/forming events. The reductive functionalization of CO2 has led to recent efforts and successes, which must be pursued and reinforced. For instance, pathways enabling the formation of C-C bonds to give C2+ products directly from CO2 have still to be established. Fur- thermore, these concepts can be transposed to the valorization of N2 and NOx for the formation of N-containing chemicals to improve the environmental footprint of agrochemicals. To realize these processes, more effective strategies for the activation of small molecules, generally, as well as the reversible activation of strong bonds (e.g. C-O, C-N, C-C, C-H, and N-N) are needed. Furthermore, while H2 is a suitable energy carrier (or reductant) in the short term, the direct use of electrons and/or photons is highly desirable in the longer term to minimize infrastructure and facilitate decentralized production routes. To this end, it is crucial to develop efficient photocatalysts and electrocatalysts able to harvest and store the energy of photons and electrons in chemical bonds. It will also be important to ensure closed cycles not only for carbon, but also for nitrogen, in particular, and other critical elements such as phosphorus and sulfur. Coordination of such research efforts across fields, e.g. those mentioned in Sections 1, 2, 5, and 7, will be important for efficient technological development. A short-term goal (∼5 years) related to this future research need concerns the development of novel catalytic reactions for the multicomponent coupling of CO2 and H2 or of ammonia to value- added, industrially relevant chemicals. At the horizon 2030, the potential of replacing H2 with H2O and ammonia with N2 or NOx by using electrolytic or photolytic catalysts could be developed from exploration to validation. Beyond 10 years, the shortcutting concepts learned regarding conversion of carbon and nitrogen feedstocks could be translated to other feedstocks, e.g. those containing phosphorus, sulfur, and halogens. 6.4 Conclusion Homogeneous catalysis is a key element in our current chemical industry and is essential for the tran- sition to a sustainable future. Immediate action can be taken by adapting existing technologies to use renewable feedstocks, e.g. the essential “power molecules” originating from electrolysis or co-electrolysis based on renewable energy (e.g. “green” hydrogen or carbon monoxide) and capital- izing on the proven potential of organometallic catalysts to convert carbon dioxide (CO2) directly 66PDF Image | sustainable production of fuels and chemicals
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