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Figure 9.1: Consecutive steps in scaling up electrochemical production of organic molecules. ethanol, oxalic acid, ethylene) has received considerable academic interest (currently at TRL 3). Particularly outstanding performance has been demonstrated for ethylene production, attracting industrial attention. Electrocatalytic conversion of biomass to commodities is also of interest from an industrial perspective (e.g. HMF to FCDA). Electrochemical production of fuels is still nascent, with only methanol (TRL 2) gaining significant interest in academic literature. Other promising pathways to sustainable fuels involve coupling to established thermochemical technologies such as those discussed in Section 4, e.g. CO2 to kerosene via CO and Fischer Tropsch, methanol to gasoline, and CO2 to oxymethylene dimethyl ethers. It is essential to carry out preliminary system cost and sustainability studies to compare such renewable electricity based fuels to alternative energy carriers for mobility (e.g. batteries, biofuels). Common challenges for the scale-up of all organic product categories involve complex reactor and process engineering. Due to the scale of envisaged technology for commodity chemical and fuel production, there are additional challenges related to integration with other infrastructure (e.g. electricity input, reactant input, reactant and product transport). Another important challenge in these cases is identifying a complementary anode reaction that produces a valuable product with market volume comparable to the cathode reaction product. As discussed in Section 2, improving the selectivity and stability of CO2 reduction electrocatalysts is also a core challenge for 94PDF Image | sustainable production of fuels and chemicals
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