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the technology that is actively being pursued in academia and must be considered in the context of scale-up. Across all product categories, academic research has tended to focus primarily on catalyst research and development, with less attention given to other essential elements of electrochemical technology such as membranes (e.g. anion exchange membranes for direct CO2 electro-reduction), gas diffusion electrodes, and reactor design. Furthermore, academic research is often carried out under conditions not relevant to industrial applications (e.g. room temperature, low current density, absence of impurities). This misalignment is a hurdle for later technology scale-up and must be overcome by increased collaboration and communication between academia and industry. The reliability of commodity and fuel production electrochemical units must eventually be tested under industrial conditions with realistic electrode sizes and with statistically relevant stack sizes (100-200 cells). Setting the scale-up challenge for electrochemical production for organic compounds into perspective, current scale plants and demonstrators (kW or T/y) have to be scaled-up to the scale of several hundred MW or kT/y for the production of commodity chemicals and to the scale of several GW or MT/y for the production of fuels. 9.3 Future research needs Scale-up is a complex optimization prob- lem. Compromises typically have to be made between performance, durability, and cost (see Figure 9.2). The optimal compromises will differ from one use case to another. In the following, we have identified three future research needs that are critical to the scale-up of electrochem- ical processes and cut across the renew- able production of hydrogen, fine chemi- cals, commodity chemicals, and fuels. Figure 9.2: General challenges to consider when scaling up electro- chemical processes. Figure courtesy of Julie Mougin, CEA. 9.3.1 Scaling up early-stage ideas (TRL 1 to 5) The process of scaling up from initial idea to prototype must be accelerated. The fundamental challenge is that early-stage ideas require constant iteration before and during the process of scale- up to assure their feasibility in subsequent scale-up steps and large scale deployment. Cross-cutting objectives for scaling up early-stage ideas across hydrogen, fine chemicals, commodity chemicals, and fuels include 95PDF Image | sustainable production of fuels and chemicals
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