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sustainable production of fuels and chemicals

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sustainable production of fuels and chemicals ( sustainable-production-fuels-and-chemicals )

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inlet gas streams, which are characterized by different CO2 content, temperature, pressure, and flowrate. Notably, these features may change in time and space depending on the operation of the associated plant and boundary conditions defined by the geographical location. Additionally, the process that ultimately receives the purified CO2 stream sets constraints on the output of the capture process, e.g. purity level, amount, operating time. Accordingly, in order to describe the current state of the art of CO2 extraction, it is key to consider the CO2 capture process in the context of the applications that i) deliver the CO2-containing stream and ii) receive the high purity CO2 product. We therefore identify two control volumes, as shown in Figure 10.2, namely: 1. Control volume Capture: includes the CO2 capture as a standalone process, considering only the thermodynamic states of the influent and effluent streams but not the nature of the source and sink processes. 2. Control volume SCS: includes the source process (S), the CO2 capture process (C), and the sink process (S). It therefore accounts for the effects of coupling source, capture, and sink. Figure 10.2: Control volumes considered for CO2 extraction: Control volume Capture includes the stand alone capture process; Control volume S-C-S (source-capture-sink) includes the CO2 source, which can be from fossil carbon, biomass or simply air, the capture process, and the CO2 sink, which can be temporary as for fuels production, or permanent as for underground storage. Control volume S-C-S is directly linked to the CO2 planetary boundaries. 102

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