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10.3.2 Designing the CO2 network infrastructure When net-zero (CCS and CCU) and net-negative technology chains are deployed at the gigaton scale, CO2 will have to be collected and distributed across different components of the chain. This will require a CO2 network across geographies and nations (as illustrated in Figure 10.4) that does not exist today. Major challenges to be addressed are the design and optimization of such a network including regulatory, economic, and social considerations as well as the transition from today’s infrastructure to the fully developed one. Figure 10.4: Carbon dioxide gigaton scale network infrastructure, comprising many different operators, and transportation connections both onshore and offshore. 10.3.3 Optimizing the source-capture-sink chain Connecting the CO2 capture process with the CO2 source upstream and the CO2 sink downstream (temporary in the case of CCU, permanent in the case of CCS) has the potential to yield synergistic breakthroughs but also introduces many new challenges to tackle including: • Scales of operation that vary significantly (0.01 to 1 million tons CO2 per year) among ele- ments connected in same chain • Plant location-specific issues related to capture/sink connection and integration with the electricity grid • Ensuring operation is reliable, efficient, and economical when dynamics vary across individual elements of a chain (e.g. steady-state DAC vs. intermittent CO2 reduction based on renewable energy sources) • Differences in process specifications along the chain, e.g. CO2 purity, means of CO2 transport 106PDF Image | sustainable production of fuels and chemicals
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