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based on fossil carbon and CO2 storage). Carbon-negative systems are possible and have the ad- ditional environmental benefit of removing CO2 from the atmosphere, but they cannot deliver all of the aforementioned societal services. After establishing state of the art and scientific challenges related to CO2 extraction, we have identified five key challenges and corresponding strategic goals for scientific research and technical development. They are summarized below in terms of highlights and take-home messages. • Technology chains for the sustainable production of fuels and chemicals must be de- signed to be carbon neutral and analyzed using the methods of systems analysis to assess their sustainability (in terms of carbon), energy efficiency, resource utilization, and costs. • To realize the vision of a sustainable production of fuels and chemicals, a CO2 network in- frastructure will be needed; this must be designed and optimized accounting for different indicators, and a pathway for its development from the current status must be devised. • Connecting the CO2 capture process with the CO2 source upstream and to the CO2 sink downstream yields new challenges related to differing dynamics and scales of operation that must be tackled with scientific research and technology developments. • While liquid scrubbing, e.g. amines, is the commercial benchmark technology for CO2 capture from point sources, new and improved technologies must be developed by integrating the technology triangle (material, transport phenomena, process). • Major challenges need to be tackled to efficiently capture CO2 from air using either managed biomass growth (variability, geographical distribution and availability, scalability) or direct air capture (integration with renewables, costs, scalability, long-term business model). References 1R. Schl ̈ogl, C. Abanades, M. Aresta, A. Azapagic, E. A. Blekkan, T. Cantat, G. Centi, N. Duic, A. El Khamlichi, G. Hutchings, M. Mazzotti, U. Olsbye, and H. Mikulcic, Novel carbon capture and utilisation technologies: Research and climate aspects, Science Advance for Policy by European Academies, SAPEA, ISBN 978-3-9819415-5-5 (2018) 10.26356/carboncapture. 2R. F. Service, “Ammonia—a renewable fuel made from sun, air, and water—could power the globe without carbon”, Science, (2018) 10.1126/science.aau7489. 3J. Rogelj, D. Shindell, K. Jiang, S. Fifita, P. Forster, V. Ginzburg, C. Handa, H. Kheshgi, S. Kobayashi, E. Kriegler, L. Mundaca, R. S ́ef ́erian, and M. Virginia Vilarin ̃o, “Mitigation pathways compatible with 1.5 ◦C in the context of sustainable development”, in Global warming of 1.5 ◦C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5 ◦C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2018). 108PDF Image | sustainable production of fuels and chemicals
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