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a given industry) and (ii) gradually lowering the CO2 emissions quotas of individual sectors over time. 11.5 Conclusion A sustainable energy system, including the sustainable production of chemicals, fuels, and fertilizers, is crucial for our society. Industry is committed to more sustainable production of chemicals and fuels. For the initial transition, many technologies are already available. Many developments are converging to produce hydrogen by water electrolysis, enabling the foundations of the transition to sustainable production of chemicals. The capacity and levelized cost of renewable energy are two crucial factors determining the successful implementation of such a transition, but the current trends of RES capacity and electricity price are a barrier to investments in larger scale deployment. Legislation should be introduced that supports defossilization and carbon recycling to produce chemicals and fertilizers, and such measures should consider the risk of carbon leakage. In the short to mid term (<10 years), demonstration projects at industrially relevant scale are needed to integrate all processes and technologies. Scaling up one technology, such as water electrolysis, is only one part of the puzzle; for successful deployment, the entire chain must be integrated and demonstrated. In the longer term (>10 years), new breakthrough technologies are needed that go beyond water electrolysis, including direct carbon reduction technologies (i.e. that do not rely on H2 as an intermediate) and processes that are disconnected from the commodity power grid. References 1EPA Greenhouse gas emissions, https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/sources-greenhouse-gas- emissions, Accessed: 2019-07-03. 2UN Sustainable development goals, https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable- development-goals/, Accessed: 2019-07-03. 3Leading investors back Shell’s climate targets, https://www.shell.com/media/news-and-media- releases/2018/leading-investors-back-shells-climate-targets.html, Accessed: 2019-07-03. 4Pricing Carbon Emissions, https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/04/02/climate/pricing- carbon-emissions.html, Accessed: 2019-07-03. 5Carbon recycling, https://www.carbonrecycling.is, Accessed: 2019-07-03. 6G. Iaquaniello, G. Centi, A. Salladini, E. Palo, S. Perathoner, and L. Spadaccini, “Waste-to-methanol: Process and economics assessment”, Bioresource Technology, 243, 611–619 (2017). 7Sunfire produces sustainable crude oil alternative, https://www.sunfire.de/en/company/news/detail/ sunfire-produces-sustainable-crude-oil-alternative, Accessed: 2019-07-03. 117PDF Image | sustainable production of fuels and chemicals
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