PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 002
Membranes 2014, 4 288 1. Introduction The separation and capture of CO2 from flue gas is becoming important for greenhouse emission control and strong demand of more energy-, cost-effective and environmentally friendly technologies are growing. Membrane-based gas separation has been postulated to compete with absorption in terms of energy requirement when CO2 content in the feed is larger than 20%, as in cement or steel factories [1], due to its low energy consumption, easy operation, and low maintenance. The membrane is the key element since the separation phenomenon occurs in it, thus, the material used in the membrane preparation determines the separation performance. Depending on the material, membranes are usually classified as polymeric, inorganic, and, more recently, mixed matrix membranes (MMMs). Transport through a dense-polymeric membrane usually takes place through the solution-diffusion mechanism in three steps: (i) the selective component adsorbs in the membrane; (ii) where diffuses through; and (iii) the component desorbs from the other side, due to the low pressure kept at the permeate side. Commercial polymer membranes are relatively easily processed at low costs, but their limited resistance to high temperature, usual inadequacy to high flow rates, or sensitiveness to clogging by dust, there is an absence of economy of scale and low selectivity to CO2/N2 separation [2]. Inorganic membranes have good catalytic and separation behaviour and present good chemical and temperature resistance. The transport mechanism depends usually on the pore size distribution of the selective layer and, although there are several inorganic membranes commercially available for pervaporation and vapour permeation and liquid filtration processes, not yet for gas separation [3]. The reproducibility and fabrication cost is still a major challenge [4]. Morphology issues have been addressed in many different membrane materials, from pure zeolite membranes [5], to hollow fibre [6], or composite membranes [7]. MMMs are heterogeneous materials formed by the combination of an organic polymer continuous matrix and inorganic material dispersed phase, with the aim of obtaining a well-dispersed heterogeneous mixture of synergistic properties and overcoming the accepted trade-off between permeability and selectivity for gas separation membranes [8,9]. Permeability is a unit flux defining the gas molecules a membrane lets go through, normalized by operation factors such as pressure and thickness. Thus, permeation takes place because of a chemical potential difference across the membrane, which means that the driving force is usually partial pressure difference. To simplify the understanding of the system, the permeability is calculated as the product of solubility (S) and diffusivity (D). The solubility coefficient is given by the condensability of the penetrant, i.e., CO2 in the case of the present work, in membrane material, and the diffusivity coefficient depends on the size and shape of CO2, the free volume or porosity and pore size distribution and the chain flexibility of the polymer. Adhesion between dispersed and continuous phases is the main challenge in MMMs, leading to several morphologies as those represented in Figure 1, thus affecting separation performance. Figure 1a is the schematic representation of the ideal morphological contact among inorganic fillers and polymer. Figure 1b refers to the non-ideal detachment between inorganic fillers and polymer matrix, creating voids around the former that alter the gas perm-selectivity performance. Figure 1c corresponds to the non-ideal free volume reduction by polymer chain rigidification and pore blockage. In order to improve adhesion, several strategies have been studied, such as functionalization of the inorganic particles prior to introduction into the polymer matrix, or the incorporation of an ionic liquid in the membrane matrix [10,11]. The novelty of thisPDF Image | Synthesis and Characterisation of ETS-10 Acetate-based Ionic
PDF Search Title:
Synthesis and Characterisation of ETS-10 Acetate-based IonicOriginal File Name Searched:
membranes-04-00287.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
| CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com | RSS | AMP |