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Membranes 2014, 4 289 work consists in attempting a similar approach but using a non-toxic ionic liquid, a biopolymer, and a microporous zeo-type material prepared without costly organic surfactant. Figure 1. Schemes of the most typical nanoscale morphologies in MMM structures adapted for ETS-10 in the chitosan polymer membrane: ideal morphology (a); “sieve-in-a-cage” presence of interfacial voids (b); and rigidification by free volume reduction (c). (a) (b) (c) The continuous polymer chosen is chitosan (CS), poly[β(1→4)-2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose], a linear polysaccharide obtained by the deacetylation of chitin, an abundant natural polymer, cheap and obtained from renewable sources, i.e., the shell of crustaceans. CS is biodegradable, biocompatible, non-toxic, and hydrophilic. The high hydrophilicity of chitosan makes it prone to hydrate and form water-swollen membranes with enhanced CO2:N2 perm-selectivity because of the high CO2 solubility in water [12]. Swollen CS-based membranes have been studied for CO2 separation, usually by humidifying the feed gas prior to entering the membrane module [13] for CO2:N2 50:50 (vol %) mixtures and recently the influence of free and bound water on separation performance was analysed, for diluted CO2:N2:H2 mixtures simulating flue gas streams [14,15]. Its mechanical stability has, nevertheless, been tried to improve by coating on a porous polysulfone support [16], organic chemical crosslinking [17], and physical mixing with zeolite particles [18]. Facilitated transport in the solid matrix is expected to increase the stability as well, and CS, because of the weak acid-base interactions between CO2 and water molecules and the amino groups in the chains, has potential to enhance the electrostatic interactions among permeating molecules and the functional groups in the polymer by introducing appropriate materials. The structure of the microporous titanosilicate ETS-10 is made of orthogonal TiO6 octahedra and SiO2 tetrahedra linked by oxygen atoms shared in the corners. Ti atoms in a six-coordinated state have two negative charges balanced by Na+ and K+ [19]. The high cation exchange capacity is what makes ETS-10 very interesting in adsorption [20], catalysis, and membrane separation processes [21]. ETS-10 can be synthesised in different sizes including nano-scale [19], which may be homogeneously dispersed in a polymer providing this with its intrinsic characteristics. Ionic liquids (ILs) combining good and tuneable solubility properties with negligible vapour pressure and good thermal stability have recently received much attention as green solvents and CO2 absorbents in supported liquid membrane contactors [22]. The CO2 solubility is higher when acetate is the anion and the shorter length of the cation, and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate, [emim][Ac], the room temperature ionic liquid (IL) with the highest reported CO2 solubility [23], as well as non-reported toxicity [24], was chosen for the proof-of-concept of this work. A good interaction with CS is expected since it has been reported as a good solvent for polysaccharides [25], because of the strong H-bonds forming with the OH groups in the polymer chain. CS and chitin have been reported to enhance the CO2 solubility of low absorbing [bmim][Cl] because the ionic liquid is able to alter thePDF Image | Synthesis and Characterisation of ETS-10 Acetate-based Ionic
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