PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 006
Working Paper ID-065 pricing can also be an important factor determining the economic feasibility of fuels produced from renewable feedstocks such as agricultural and forestry residues, among others. For chemicals, one European source mentioned that 90 percent of chemicals (excluding fuels) are derived from fossil fuel- based feedstocks.9 However, fossil fuels—imported by many nations to meet demand—have traditionally been subject to significant price fluctuations and supply disruptions.10 For example, the price of crude petroleum first reached a high of $120 per barrel in 2008 and, as of January 2020, was hovering around $50–60 per barrel.11 Moreover, pricing spikes have always been a reality in the industry, particularly because of unplanned outages, as reflected in the September 2019 crude petroleum price increases resulting from outages in Saudi Arabia.12 As such, in recent years, particularly with advances in industrial biotechnology, more companies producing liquid biofuels and organic chemicals have been using renewable feedstocks such as agriculture and forestry residues and energy crops, including switchgrass among others.13 However, the cost competitiveness of products derived from alternative feedstocks has varied, particularly for biofuels, with some becoming less competitive as the price of crude petroleum has declined. Land use and food security questions have also been concerns for plant-based feedstocks, leading to a continuing search for other feedstocks. New Carbon Capture Utilization Technologies Enable Conversion of Industrial Emissions into Carbon-based Chemicals A major goal of most stakeholders, particularly in the chemical industry, is continued development of a “circular economy,” an industrial system in which waste is eliminated and resources are reused.14 As 9 “Reducing CO2, Producing Chemicals: The Potential of Electrochemistry, Avantium presentation, August 21, 2019. 10 The United States has been import dependent on crude petroleum for many years. The U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) notes that U.S. imports of crude petroleum accounted for almost half of U.S. demand in 2018. EIA, “Petroleum & Other Liquids: Supply and Disposition,” October 31, 2019; ARPA-E, Carbon Dioxide Conversion to Ethanol: Opus 12,” December 15, 2016. 11 O’Grady, “Crude Oil Price Passes $120 a Barrel Mark for the First Time,” Independent, May 6, 2008; EIA, “Today in Energy: Daily Prices,” January 13, 2020 close. 12 Ramkumar and Wallace, “Oil Prices Soar After Saudi Attack,” Wall Street Journal, September 16, 2019. 13 Industrial biotechnology processes use enzymes and microorganisms to produce chemicals and transportation fuels in more sustainable and environmentally beneficial processes. Bio-Tic, “About Industrial Biotechnology,” 2012. For example, fermentation is an industrial biotechnology process used for millennia to produce food and drink. During the past few decades, however, fermentation has also been used to produce an increasingly wide variety of chemicals and fuels because of advancements such as synthetic biology and the development of tailored microorganism strains. Biotechnology Innovation Organization (BIO), “Current Uses of Synthetic Biology for Renewable Chemicals, Pharmaceuticals, and Biofuels,” March 3, 2013. 14 Alperowicz, “Circular Economy: A Beyond-Borders Initiative,” Chemical Week, May 27, 2019. 6 | www.usitc.govPDF Image | Using Waste Carbon Feedstocks to Produce Chemicals
PDF Search Title:
Using Waste Carbon Feedstocks to Produce ChemicalsOriginal File Name Searched:
using_waste_carbon_feedstocks_to_produce_chemicals.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
| CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com | RSS | AMP |