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Using Waste Carbon Feedstocks to Produce Chemicals abatement efforts for industry emissions reach optimal use and become more expensive,15 novel CCU technologies are emerging that use waste products as feedstocks for chemicals instead of sequestering the carbon or using it for enhanced oil recovery (EOR). The new processes include conversion of waste carbon in industrial emissions to liquid transportation fuels (such as ethanol and methanol) and chemicals (including building blocks such as formic acid, acetic acid, polyols, and acetone).16 These processes, which are becoming more prevalent because of continuing scientific advances in fields such as industrial biotechnology and electrolysis,17 not only reduce the amount of CO2 that would otherwise be emitted to the atmosphere but also reduce the overall carbon footprint of the chemical process. Examples of major players potentially using or supplying CCU technology include: Technology providers developing and potentially licensing the CCU process and equipment; Companies with large levels of industrial emissions: o ChemicalcompaniesusingCCUtechnologiesasanalternativemethod/feedstockto produce chemicals, reduce environmental pressure, and monetize waste streams; o Non-chemicalcompanies(suchassteelmanufacturers)usingCCUtechnologiesto produce chemicals, reduce environmental pressure, and monetize waste streams. Technology providers such as LanzaTech and Avantium, among others, have developed a variety of new processes that use industrial emissions from sources such as steel plants, chemical plants, and refineries, to name a few. The emissions have varying concentrations of CO and CO2 as feedstocks to produce value-added biofuels and chemicals. Diverse solutions are available, often depending on a project’s specific conditions.18 The new processes reflect a variety of technologies (e.g., ranging from fermentation using proprietary microorganisms19 to new catalysts to electrocatalysis); are at varying stages of development (e.g., research scale to full commercialization); and produce a variety of chemicals. 15 Cefic, “Molecule Managers,” October 2017. Increasing energy efficiency (e.g., optimizing the use of energy- intensive process units such as fans) is cited by sources as one example of an abatement technology. The World Steel Association states that the global steel industry has reduced energy usage in steel production by 61 percent per metric ton of steel over the past few decades. Cefic, “Molecule Managers,” October 2017; Nadel and Ungar, “Halfway There,” Report U1907, American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy, September 2019; World Steel Association, “Steel’s Contribution to a Low Carbon Future and Climate Resilient Societies,” 2019, 3. 16 The word “carbontech” describes the technologies and processes that convert waste products such as emissions streams and municipal solid waste (MSW) to new products while reducing the environmental footprint. Matt Lucas and Rory Jacobson, “A Review of Global and U.S. Total Available Markets for Carbontech,” Executive Summary. Industrial waste emissions from manufacturing sites such as steel mills, chemical plants, and refineries are only one source of waste carbon—CO and CO2—that can be used to manufacture biofuels and chemicals. Other sources of waste carbon include biomass (e.g., agricultural and forestry residues); biogas; and MSW. Some of the companies developing processes to use industrial emissions (e.g., emissions from steel mills and chemical plants) as chemical feedstocks are also developing processes to use other waste products such as MSW as alternative chemical feedstocks. This article primarily focusses on industrial emissions. 17 Electrolysis, which has been in use since the 18th century, is an electrochemical reaction in which an electric current is passed through substances to manufacture chemicals. Sax and Lewis, Sr., Hawley’s Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th Edition, 1987, 455. 18 “Reducing CO2, Producing Chemicals,” Avantium presentation, August 21, 2019. 19 Fermentation is the use of microorganisms to digest feedstocks to produce end products such as biofuels and/or chemicals. Larrañaga, Lewis, Sr., and Lewis, Hawley’s Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 16th Edition, 2016, 611. United States International Trade Commission | 7PDF Image | Using Waste Carbon Feedstocks to Produce Chemicals
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