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Working Paper ID-065 further says that CCU projects—in conjunction with other routes such as using “clean power” and renewable replacements for fossil fuels, among others—will allow it to “significantly reduce” its waste carbon emissions by 2050, positioning it to become carbon neutral in Europe by that year.44 In 2018, thyssenkrupp announced Carbon2Chem, a collaboration with about 17 partners from academia and industry.45 The pilot plant uses industrial emissions to initially manufacture methanol (and then eventually other chemicals such as ammonia and isocyanates), which can, in turn, be used as building- block inputs to produce downstream value-added chemicals.46 The company adds that, in addition to using such technology at its facilities and other steel production facilities in Europe, its technology can be used at about 50 steel mills worldwide, as well as at production facilities in other “CO2-intensive” sectors.47 thyssenkrupp has stated that it will cut its waste carbon emissions by 30 percent by 2030 and its operations will be carbon neutral by 2050.48 In October 2019, it was announced that LanzaTech’s commercial-scale joint venture with Shougang Group had produced over 9 million gallons of bioethanol in its first year of operations; the bioethanol is being used as automotive fuel.49 Moreover, the project was reportedly on track to start producing a polymer—polyethylene terephthalate—for use in producing apparel and packaging.50 The JV is said to be in line with China’s environmental goals.51 Factors that Determine Investments to Use Waste Carbon as Chemical Feedstocks The extent to which new CCU technologies become commercially successful is based on multiple factors, some of which are discussed below. The most important factor to all stakeholders is whether the planned products/processes are chemically possible. Technology providers and consuming companies must also optimize processes in order to use emission feeds containing varying concentrations and purity levels of waste carbon. Moreover, companies developing the products/processes and those using them spend substantial time and money on research and development to identify, test, and scale-up operations and technological advancements from pilot plant to demonstration scale to commercial 44 ArcelorMittal, “Climate Action Report 1,” May 2019, 4; ArcelorMittal, “ArcelorMittal and LanzaTech Break Ground on €150million Project to Revolutionise Blast Furnace Carbon Emissions Capture,” press release, June 11, 2018. 45 Bender, “Milestone for Climate Protection: Carbon2Chem Pilot Plant Opened,” #engineered, September 24, 2018. 46 Bastian, “Carbon2Chem: When Emissions Become Valuable Substances,” #engineered, July 3, 2019; Bender, “Milestone for Climate Protection: Carbon2Chem Pilot Plant Opened,” #engineered, September 24, 2018. 47Bastian, “Carbon2Chem: When Emissions Become Valuable Substances,” #engineered, July 3, 2019. 48 Reuters, “Thyssenkrupp to Cut CO2 Emissions by 30% over Next Decade,” July 2, 2019. 49 GreenCar Congress, “LanzaTech China JV Reports 9M Gallons of Ethanol Made from Steel Flue Gas; New JV for PET,” October 8, 2019. 50 GreenCar Congress, “LanzaTech China JV Reports 9M Gallons of Ethanol Made from Steel Flue Gas; New JV for PET,” October 8, 2019. 51 LanzaTech, “World’s First Commercial Waste Gas to Ethanol Plant Starts Up,” press release, June 8, 2018. 16 | www.usitc.govPDF Image | Using Waste Carbon Feedstocks to Produce Chemicals
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