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Using Waste Carbon Feedstocks to Produce Chemicals scale. One source notes that it can take industry about 10 years to develop technology to the demonstration scale level.52 Once the technology is developed, then technology providers and/or companies utilizing the technology have to make a business case for using it commercially and obtain funding to bring it to commercial scale. Industry sources have noted that the extent to which CCU investments are made depends on several important factors, including: the proximity of CCU processing facilities to the waste gas source; production cost tradeoffs, including those related to feedstock and renewable energy costs; and government policies.53 These factors are described in greater detail below. Proximity Proximity of the consuming entity to the source of the industrial emissions is a key factor, playing a significant role. Companies using CO2 from industrial emissions as a feedstock should ideally be near the source of the emissions because otherwise the CO2 needs to be compressed and then shipped, usually by pipeline, for use at distant locations. Since transporting CO2 is said to be expensive and not economically feasible, co-location of the emissions provider and the consuming company (e.g., with bolt-on or modular units) makes CCU projects more attractive.54 Production Costs and Tradeoffs The relative costs of using waste carbon as a feedstock depend on numerous factors along the value chain. Emitters, for example, have to consider alternative uses for the industrial emissions (e.g., if they are flared or used for power/heat). Consuming industries such as chemical producers have to consider factors such as the energy costs needed to run the processes, the downstream product being produced, and the comparable costs of traditional feedstocks. There are also many process advantages that enter the equation and can enhance the overall impact. In general, many CCU technologies have the potential to provide more sustainable processes, environmental benefits, and cost savings than conventional chemical processes using fossil-fuel feedstocks. CCU technologies based on industrial biotechnology processes such as fermentation, for example, can be integrated with conventional chemical processes, including those that are already in place in existing plants. Such processes use a variety of feedstocks, ranging from waste to renewable inputs. They also usually require less energy, in part by running at ambient temperatures and pressures. The alternative feedstocks and lower energy use generally reduce capital and operating expenditures.55 Also, given the range of products generated by specific microorganisms in fermentation processes, 52 Industry representative, telephone interview with USITC staff, September 3, 2019. 53 Industry representative, interview with USITC staff, July 10, 2019. 54 Industry representatives, telephone interviews with USITC staff, September 3, 2019, and October 21, 2019; ArcelorMittal, “ArcelorMittal: A Steelmakers View on the Zero Emission Plant,” presentation, May 2017; AIChE, “RAPID Spotlight: Sustainability and Process Intensification,” June 27, 2019. The AIChE report says modular units can enhance industrial sustainability and process economics. Separately, industry publications indicate that the cost of transporting CO2 varies because of factors such as the distance it is shipped and the mode of transport. 55 Clomburg, Crumbley, and Gonzalez, “Industrial Biomanufacturing: The Future of Chemical Production,” Science, January 6, 2017; Nesbitt, “Industrial Biotechnology in China Amidst Changing Market Conditions,” 2009; Opus 12, “A Drop-in Component that Enables Existing Technology to Transform CO2” (accessed October 4, 2019). United States International Trade Commission | 17PDF Image | Using Waste Carbon Feedstocks to Produce Chemicals
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