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Working Paper ID-065 companies benefit from being able to change product streams as desired (e.g., switching between biofuels and chemicals, depending on market conditions and costs) by changing the microorganisms, many of which are proprietary.56 But, at the same time, there are a number of cost factors that could temper the speed of adoption. This section will look at possible scenarios in more detail. Energy Costs Energy needs contribute a multi-faceted and nuanced layer to the cost analysis, especially given the availability and cost of renewable energy sources. The discussion of energy costs below takes into account several factors along the value chain, including the impact on stakeholders (ranging from emitters to the chemical companies processing the waste carbon), use and costs of renewable energy for replacement and/or process energy needs, the comparable cost of fossil-fuel feedstocks, and regional energy use. In regard to replacement and/or process energy costs, industrial emissions are generally either flared or used for power/heat.57 If an emitter using emissions for power/heat invests in technology to produce biofuels or chemicals from its emissions, then additional energy is needed to replace those power/heat needs. Energy is also needed by the chemical companies to run many of the processes. Sources note that ideally this replacement energy (e.g., for emitters) and/or process energy (e.g., for chemical companies) would be renewable energy to enhance the sustainability of the process.58 As such, renewable energy availability and costs affect the economic feasibility of CCU projects but questions have arisen as to whether sufficient supplies of low-cost renewable energy are available.59 BASF, a multinational chemical company headquartered in Germany, recently instituted a new research program addressing reduction of and reuse of waste emissions with the goal of making its production of chemicals carbon neutral by 2030. The company says the new projects will triple its renewable energy requirements and obtaining the energy will be a challenge.60 BASF adds, however, that government policies will help determine the availability of such energy.61 Avantium says that renewable energy capacity has to increase, adding that the chemical industry will need 4–9 times more electricity to produce chemicals and biofuels from CO2.62 TATA Steel says: ““New technologies and large amounts of renewable energy are needed to produce steel in a carbon-neutral way.”63 56 We Mean Business Coalition, “LanzaTech on Turning Pollution into Fuels and Products,” August 29, 2018. 57 One source notes that flaring more typically occurs in the United States. Industry representative, email to USITC staff, September 18, 2019. 58 Industry representative, interview with USITC staff, July 10, 2019; industry representatives, emails to USITC staff, September 17, 2019, and September 18, 2019; BASF, “Innovations for a Climate-Friendly Chemical Production,” January 10, 2019. 59 Industry representatives, telephone interviews with USITC staff, August 13 and 21, 2019, and interview with USITC staff, July 10, 2019; Cefic, “Molecule Managers,” October 2017, 45; January 6, 2017; Nesbitt, “Industrial Biotechnology in China Amidst Changing Market Conditions,” 2009; VTT Technical Research Center of Finland, Ltd., “The Carbon Reuse Economy,” June 2019, 12-13. 60 BASF, “Our Carbon Management,” factsheet, December 2018. 61 BASF, “Our Carbon Management,” factsheet, December 2018. 62 Gruter, “Electrocatalysis as Key Technology for the Production of High Value Chemicals,” Avantium, May 7, 2019. 63 de Jager, “Tata Steel’s Three Steps to Becoming Carbon-Neutral and Circular,” Accenture, November 21, 2019. 18 | www.usitc.govPDF Image | Using Waste Carbon Feedstocks to Produce Chemicals
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