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Using Waste Carbon Feedstocks to Produce Chemicals Government Policies Government policies play an important role in the evolving expansion of CCU projects. The geographical concentration of the waste carbon projects generally reflects the location of sources of public funding and other policy measures, particularly regarding the production of biofuels, whereas chemical production is often based on market demand.82 Many governments’ biobased products policies have historically addressed biofuels rather than biobased chemicals.83 However, such biofuels policies generally do not recognize feedstocks other than biomass. In the United States, for example, since current federal regulations largely define biofuels as being made from plant-based feedstocks, ethanol and other biofuels made from industrial emissions haven’t qualified for the federal renewable fuels mandate, thereby limiting their use.84 As one source says, “What’s key is whether the fuel qualifies for local incentives or even has a share in the market. In Europe, for example, fuel needs to qualify under the European Renewable Energy Directive.85 This impacts the price of the fuel and the payback to those investing in a facility.”86 Richard Branson, founder of Virgin Group,87 has said that “firm government action on incentives” would be needed to build a commercial-scale CCU plant in the UK to produce jet fuels from waste carbon emissions that could produce about 125 million gallons of jet fuel per year.88 Industry representatives concur, noting that recent government policies have included incentives to encourage production and use of products made from waste carbon. As a source notes, “Today we’re seeing a step change globally. Both in inclusion of fuels made from ‘recycled carbon’ and in tax credits that support carbon utilization technologies.”89 Bioethanol derived from industrial emissions will be recognized as an “advanced” biofuel by the EU under the Renewable Energy Directive 2 (RED II) which was implemented in December 82 National Academies Press, Gaseous Carbon Waste Streams Utilization: Status and Research Needs (2019), 194; industry representative, telephone interview with USITC staff, September 28, 2019. Government funding is said to be helpful until the business case can be made to commercialize the product. Industry representative, telephone interview with USITC staff, September 3, 2019. 83 Nesbitt, “Industrial Biotechnology in China Amidst Changing Market Conditions,” JICE, 2009; Nesbitt, “China’s Vision for Renewable Energy,” JICE, 2011. 84 We Mean Business Coalition, “LanzaTech on Turning Pollution into Fuels and Products,” August 29, 2018; Bengelsdorf and Dürre, “Gas Fermentation for Commodity Chemicals and Fuels” Microbial Biotechnology, June 7, 2017; industry representative, telephone interview with USITC staff, September 13, 2019; Larsen, Herndon, Grant, and Marsters, “Capturing Leadership,” May 9, 2019. Although the focus of the Larsen article addresses government policies related to waste carbon feedstocks obtained from direct air capture (DAC), the government policies needed for DAC would reportedly be analogous to those needed for waste carbon from industrial emissions. Industry representative, email to USITC staff, September 24, 2019. One source notes that although DAC can be used worldwide without needing to be located near industrial facilities, CO2 produced from industrial emissions is generally a less expensive feedstock than CO2 from DAC. Roberts, “Pulling CO2 Out of the Air and Using it Could Be a Trillion-Dollar Business,” Vox.com, November 22, 2019. 85 European Commission (EC), “Renewable Energy Directive,” September 20, 2019. 86 We Mean Business Coalition, “LanzaTech on Turning Pollution into Fuels and Products,” August 29, 2018. 87 “Richard Branson,” LinkedIn profile. 88 Richard Branson, “Virgin Atlantic has Completed the First Ever Commercial Flight using LanzaTech’s Innovative New Sustainable Aviation Fuel,” October 3, 2018. Richard Branson says that 125 million gallons of jet fuel per year could power all Virgin Atlantic flights from Britain, saving about 1 million metric tons of CO2 a year (said to equal about 2,100 roundtrip flights between London’s Heathrow Airport and New York’s John F. Kennedy Airport). 89 We Mean Business Coalition, “LanzaTech on Turning Pollution into Fuels and Products,” August 29, 2018. United States International Trade Commission | 21PDF Image | Using Waste Carbon Feedstocks to Produce Chemicals
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