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Figure 2. Nearly optimized CO2 process with π₯π₯ππππππ =0.0 bar, ππππππππππh β₯ 1.0 K, ππhππππππ =0.20, ππππ =10 Β°C, ππππ =70 Β°C, ππππ = 35 Β°C and ππππ =30 Β°C (left). Temperature profile in the gas coolers (right). Fully optimized processes have zero electrical heating. Figure 3. Optimized R410A process with π₯π₯ππππππ =0.0 bar, ππππππππππh β₯ 2.0 K, ππhππππππ =0.50, ππππ =6.5 Β°C, ππππ =70 Β°C, ππππ = 35 Β°C and ππππ =30 Β°C (left). Temperature profile in condenser A, B and C (right). 2.1.1 System Performance Heat pump systems operating under the same conditions, such as ππ , ππ , ππ , ππ and ππ , can be adef heat compared based on their electrical power consummation, e.g. using the coefficient of performance, which can be expressed using the same numbering convention as in Figure 1: COP= ππ =ππΜ (h βh)+ππΜ (hβh)=ππΜ (h βh)+ππΜ (h βh) heat adaefe236adc (2) ππ +ππ ππΜ (h βh)+ππΜ (h βh) ππΜ (h βh)+ππΜ (h βh) comp el.heater 2 3 2 a d c 2 3 2 a d c where ππΜ is mass flow, ππheat is the total heating capacity and ππcomp + ππel.heater is the electrical energy consumption of the compressor plus the electrical heater. 2.1.2 Heat Exchanger Modelling Several different approaches can be considered for the modelling of the heat exchangers. The approach selected in this study uses a minimum approach temperature in the internal heat minimum approach temperature ππ is not treated as a design parameter in X, but used as a pinch exchangers and in all three gas coolers, at each of the operating cases considered. However, the constraint in the optimization process as described in section 2.2. The temperature pinch in the internal heat exchanger is located at the end, and is therefore straight forward to compute. In contrast, the temperature profile in the gas coolers hasοΏ½to be modelled, as evaporator, the average refrigerant temperature is used to compare cases, i.e. ππ = (ππ + ππ )/2 for evap 1 8 illustrated in Figure 2, in order to calculate the minimum pinch temperature, which is internal. In the the system described in Figure 1. The use of average refrigerant temperature is a simplification used to avoid defining extra heat source parameters, like flow and inlet and outlet temperatures. 5PDF Image | CO2 Heat Pump Performance
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