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in 1930’s with R-11, R-114 and R-113. Later, hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC’s) such as R-22 started being used in several applications. In 1974, Molina and Rowland’s (United Nations Ozone Secretariat, 2007) ozone layer depletion theory aroused great interest which led to CFC’s ban in aerosols in USA and several other countries. This was followed by the Vienna Convention for Protection of the Ozone Layer. The Montreal Protocol in 1987, was instrumental in phasing out of CFC’s and discovery of low Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) refrigerants namely the hydrofluorocarbons (HFC). However, these refrigerants have a high Global Warming Potential (GWP) of up to 4500, an effect that has been attributed to the tremendous increase in greenhouse gases such as CO2, CH4 and F-gases emissions. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2015, states that fluorinated gas emissions in the United States have increased by about 83% between 1990 and 2012. The increase in emissions can be traced to a 310% increase in hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) emissions since 1990. HFC emissions are projected to grow by nearly 140% between 2005 and 2020 as demands for refrigeration continue to grow and as more ozone-depleting substances are replaced. Refrigerants contribute directly as well as indirectly to the high GWP. This growth poses a serious threat and many countries are regulating or phasing out HFC’s. Refrigerants contribute to global warming in two ways. Direct contribution is caused by the refrigerant leak and indirect contribution is due to the CO2 emitted during the generation of the power required by the systems. In lieu of this revelation about refrigerants contribution to the global warming, researchers are looking towards various other alternatives like hydrofluoroolefin (HFO). The recent advancement of technologies has also propelled the research back to natural refrigerants, such as CO2 and NH3. The refrigerant industry has almost come full circle as represented in Figure 1-1. However, no single refrigerant fits all the application and hence the refrigerants should be carefully chosen based on application. This research examines the application of heat pumps utilizing a natural refrigerant, carbon dioxide (R-744) in commercial buildings applications, which 2PDF Image | CO2 HEAT PUMPS FOR COMMERCIAL BUILDING APPLICATIONS
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CO2 Organic Rankine Cycle Experimenter Platform The supercritical CO2 phase change system is both a heat pump and organic rankine cycle which can be used for those purposes and as a supercritical extractor for advanced subcritical and supercritical extraction technology. Uses include producing nanoparticles, precious metal CO2 extraction, lithium battery recycling, and other applications... More Info
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