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Energies 2021, 14, 4103 19 of 28 1200 400 1000 300 800 200 600 100 400 0 Leveled charging Aggressive charging Figure 11. Annual energy savings and reduction in related emissions (TEWI) of SC design in relation to the reference thermal system. The eight selected locations are investigated when applying both the leveled and aggressive charging strategy. Table 6. Total equipment investment cost of the CO2 designs with single-stage compression (SC), parallel compression (PC), and ejector-supported parallel compression (EJ). Investment Compressors Heat exchangers Valves/receiver/ejector Installation and additional equipment (15%) Total Capital Cost [k€] SC PC EJ 174.6 171.7 2.3 50.6 399.2 169.2 174.2 2.4 51.9 397.7 169.2 174.2 11.2 53.2 407.8 The DPP and NPV for the SC design at different electricity prices are shown in Figures 12 and 13. The results for the eight locations have been divided into two separate plots for each economic comparison. Moreover, the influence of both the leveled and the aggressive charging strategies is included in the figures. As seen from Figure 12, aggressive charging prolongs the DPP for all locations with approximately 0.7 to 1.5 years at 0.06 €·kWh−1. As the electricity price increases, the benefit of the charging strategy on DPP is reduced to a few months at 0.20 €·kWh−1. However, the economic benefit at high electricity prices for each location is more evident when evaluating NPV. As shown in Figure 13, the difference in NPV for leveled and aggressive charging varies between 0.07 and 0.1 M€ at an electricity price 0.20 €·kWh−1 for all eval- uated locations. Thus, it is possible to save up to 25% of the initial investment cost by applying the leveled charging strategy. The DPP for the locations drops significantly from a range of 9 to 16 to around 3 years as the electricity price increases from 0.06 to 0.20 €·kWh−1. Similarly, the NPV for the locations varies between 0 and 0.02 M€ and 0.8 and 1.4 M€ at the selected range of electricity prices (Figure 13). Locations with low ambient temperatures and low annual COP display the shortest DPP and highest NPV, which is in contrast to COP values listed in Table 5. This is explained by the large savings in SH energy achieved at locations characterized by low ambient temperatures, such as Tromsø and Helsinki, where the alternative would be application of an electric boiler. The best performing location in the operational analysis, Athens, has the longest DPP with a break-even point between 3.3 and 16+ years. The NPVs for Athens, Rome, and Madrid are close to and below zero at an electricity price of 0.06 €·kWh−1, and thus not economically viable investments. However, the actual electricity price at the locations must be considered to give a more accurate evaluation. Generally, the electricity price for commercial actors in Scandinavia is in the Energy savings [MWh y-1] Emission reductions [tonne CO2-eq y-1] Stockholm Copenhagen Tromsø Helsinki Munich Rome Athens MadridPDF Image | Evaluation of Integrated Concepts with CO2 for Heating
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