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Energies 2021, 14, 4103 20 of 28 range of 0.06 to 0.08 €·kWh−1, while the equivalent electricity price in Germany (Munich), Italy (Rome), and Athens (Greece) is typically at values of 0.18, 0.15, and 0.10 €·kWh−1, respectively [58]. If only considering results in which leveled charging is applied, DPPs of approximately 3 (Munich), 4.5 (Rome), and 7.5 years (Athens) and NPVs in the range of 0.25 to 0.95 M€ were achieved when considering typical electricity prices at the locations. Thus, integrated heating and cooling systems with CO2 can be efficient, cost-effective and environmentally friendly when applied in warmer European climates. 16 16 14 14 12 12 10 10 88 66 44 22 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2 Aggressive charging Copenhagen Helsinki Rome Athens 4 3 Leveled charging Copenhagen Helsinki Rome Athens 2 0.18 0.2 Aggressive charging Stockholm Tromsø Munich Madrid 4 3 Leveled charging Stockholm Tromsø Munich Madrid 2 0.18 0.2 Figure 12. Discounted payback period for selected cities with the SC design at different electricity prices when applying the leveled and aggressive charging strategy. 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.2 11 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.2 00 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2 Aggressive charging Copenhagen Helsinki Rome Athens Leveled charging Copenhagen Helsinki Rome Athens 200 100 0 0.06 0.08 Aggressive charging Leveled charging Stockholm Stockholm Tromso Munich Tromso Munich Madrid Madrid 200 100 0 0.06 0.08 Figure 13. Net present value for selected cities with the SC design at different electricity prices when applying the leveled and aggressive charging strategy. DPP [years]PDF Image | Evaluation of Integrated Concepts with CO2 for Heating
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