PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 021
Energies 2021, 14, 4103 21 of 28 The DPP for the Scandinavian locations is 9 to 12.5 years at 0.06 €·kWh−1. At an electricity price of 0.08 €·kWh−1, DPP and NPV for the Scandinavian locations are between 6.3 to 7.7 years. This is considered high when related to the rule-of-thumb for heat pump investments within Scandinavia, which generally points to a payback time of 5 years or less. However, the NPV for this investment for the Scandinavian locations is between 0.23 to 0.34 M€. Thus, profits of approximately 50–85% of the initial investment can be gained over the systems’ economic lifetime. Integrated CO2 heat pumps and chillers are, therefore, cost-efficient compared to more conventional approaches, including electric boilers or district heat in combination with separate chillers for AC. Nevertheless, when compared to HFO systems for hotels, CO2 integrated systems still face a challenge in terms of the high investment cost. Throughout history, new and supposedly safe refrigerants have been introduced (CFC, HCFC and HFC) as an alternative to natural refrigerants. All of them have eventually been phased out as their impact on human health and the environment is revealed. In later years, research suggests that the decomposition products from HFO refrigerants are harmful. Moreover, the research community is investing significant efforts to uncover all unknown side effects of applying HFOs [12,13]. Thus, when factoring in environmental concerns, and the fact that future regulations regarding HFOs are unknown and thus pose an economic risk for the hotel owner, one can argue that the somewhat high investment costs related to integrated CO2 systems in Scandinavia are justified. Tables 7 and 8 list the NPV and DPP at the selected locations when the PC and EJ system designs are applied, respectively. Results for the entire range of electricity prices can be found in Tables A2 and A3. Both PC and EJ display comparable results to SC (Figures 12 and 13). However, the economic data obtained with PC illustrate a slightly better NPV and DPP at all locations when applying the leveled charging strategy. In contrast to the results presented in Section 4.2, in which EJ was found to be the superior solution in terms of annual COP and energy consumption, the economical analysis reveals that PC is better when considering overall system cost. However, results from both the operational and the economic evaluation show that improving the DHW charging strategy is the least expensive and most efficient measure to enhance the performance of integrated CO2 systems. Table 7. Net present value (NPV) and discounted payback period (DPP) for selected cities with the PC design at different electricity prices when applying the leveled and aggressive charging strategy. Strategy Leveled charging Aggressive charging Variable/Location Stockholm Copenhagen Tromsø Helsinki Munich Rome Athens Madrid Stockholm Copenhagen Tromsø Helsinki Munich Rome Athens Madrid NPV at Selected Electricity Prices [M€] DPP at Selected Electricity Prices [years] 0.06 0.14 0.20 10.5 3.7 2.5 11.4 3.9 2.6 9.0 3.2 2.2 9.8 3.5 2.3 11.3 3.9 2.6 14.4 4.6 3.1 15< 4.9 3.3 13.4 4.4 2.9 11.3 3.8 2.6 12.2 4.0 2.7 9.6 3.4 2.3 10.5 3.6 2.4 12.1 4.0 2.7 15< 4.8 3.2 15< 5.2 3.4 14.6 4.6 3.0 0.06 0.14 0.10 0.77 0.08 0.71 0.16 0.90 0.13 0.83 0.08 0.71 0.01 0.55 <0 0.50 0.03 0.60 0.08 0.71 0.05 0.65 0.13 0.84 0.10 0.76 0.05 0.66 <0 0.50 <0 0.45 0.01 0.54 0.20 1.27 1.18 1.46 1.35 1.19 0.96 0.89 1.02 1.18 1.10 1.37 1.26 1.11 0.89 0.82 0.95PDF Image | Evaluation of Integrated Concepts with CO2 for Heating
PDF Search Title:
Evaluation of Integrated Concepts with CO2 for HeatingOriginal File Name Searched:
energies-14-04103-v2.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
CO2 Organic Rankine Cycle Experimenter Platform The supercritical CO2 phase change system is both a heat pump and organic rankine cycle which can be used for those purposes and as a supercritical extractor for advanced subcritical and supercritical extraction technology. Uses include producing nanoparticles, precious metal CO2 extraction, lithium battery recycling, and other applications... More Info
Heat Pumps CO2 ORC Heat Pump System Platform More Info
| CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com | RSS | AMP |