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DEFINITION OF TERMS GHPs collectively refer to two main classes of heat pumps, 1) those that are engine-driven and drive a refrigerant compressor with the mechanical output of an engine, and 2) those that are thermally-driven heat pumps which use heat generated by combustion or other source (e.g., solar thermal) to drive a thermodynamic cycle. The thermally-driven subclass of GHPs can be based on a diverse set of cycles and employ a wide-range of working fluids. For reasons explained in depth later in this overview, GHPs used for A/C are technically feasible but are not often economical. Finally, as electrically-driven heat pumps are far more common than GHPs, the term “heat pump” commonly refers to an electrically-driven heat pump. Higher Heating Value (HHV): This heating value assumes the water in products of combustion condenses, releasing its latent heat of vaporization. In practice, the LHV of natural gas is approximately 10% lower than the HHV, thus an efficiency calculated on an LHV basis will be approximately 10% higher than the same efficiency on an HHV basis. HVAC—heating, ventilation and air conditioning: Refers to the different systems, machines and technologies used in indoor settings such as homes, offices and hallways, and transportation systems, that need environmental regulation to improve comfort.3 Local distribution companies (LDCs): Sometimes referred to as utilities. Lower Heating Value (LHV): This heating value assumes the water in products of combustion remain in vapor form. Natural Gas Technology Center (NGTC): Based in Quebec, Canada, the Natural Gas Technologies Centre (NGTC) was established in 1992 as a nonprofit organization operating in the field of technological development.4 Northwest Energy Efficiency Alliance (NEEA): A collaboration of 140 utilities and efficiency organizations working together to advance energy efficiency in the U.S. Northwest (Washington, Oregon, Idaho and Montana).5 3Source: https://hvactraining101.com/what-does-hvac-mean/. 4Source: http://www.ctgn.qc.ca/en/. 5Source: http://neea.org. NOx: Oxides of Nitrogen. Manufacturers: In the context of this study, “manufacturer” refers to companies that license or source gas-fired heat pump technologies from technology developers and package GHP products for sale directly to market or through a distribution chain. This relationship between technology developers and manufacturers can include licensing/acquiring intellectual property, sourcing components (e.g., “thermal compressors”), and branding or “white- labeling”. Active manufacturer: Manufacturers that are currently serving the HVAC and water-heating market that either have a GHP product in the market or are directly participating in efforts and partnerships to demonstrate emerging GHP technologies through field and/or laboratory testing. Non-active manufacturer: Manufacturers that are currently serving the HVAC and water-heating market that may be performing GHP technology due diligence but are not defined as “active” per above definition. Market partners: Organizations or individuals working in a given market that can help an organization/program meets its goals and targets (e.g., distributor, contractor, code official, LDC, etc.). Minimal viable product (MVP): A product with just enough features to satisfy early customers, and to provide feedback for future product development.6 Natural Resources Canada (NRCan): Ministry of the Canadian government responsible for natural resources, energy, minerals and metals, forests, earth sciences, mapping and remote sensing.7 Parasitic load: Represents the electric energy consumed even when an appliance is shut off. Refrigerant terminology: When refrigerants are used by GHPs. 6Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum_viable_product. 7Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_Resources_Canada. Presented by: Brio and GTI 12PDF Image | GAS HEAT PUMP TECHNOLOGY AND MARKET ROADMAP
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