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TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT SUMMARY OF TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENTS Residential versus commercial-sized equipment and applications are defined as follows: Residential: Heating by furnace, boiler, or tankless water heater with less than 200 kBtu/hr. input; Cooling of ≤ 5 tons, and storage water heating with less than 75 kBtu/hr. input and less than 120 gallons of storage. Commercial: Heating (hydronic or forced-air) greater than 200 kBtu/hr. input; Cooling with more than 5 tons, and storage water heaters with more than 75 kBtu/hr. input and 120 gallons of storage. Too large: Products/developments with greater than 400 kBtu/hr. are excluded. Out of scope: Refrigeration applications (non-comfort chilling), indirect/steam-fired equipment, and custom/ site-engineered equipment that are otherwise not intended for mass-market. Grouped by market application, the following key GHP developments were examined and themes identified: Residential water heating, due to the integration with storage and common retrofit scenarios, is the smallest GHP application, defined by ASHRAE as less than 20 kBtu/hr. input. This application is best served by cycles that can scale down well, which sorption is best able to do cost-effectively. For residential HVAC market segments, the results are mixed as: Heating-focused applications, particularly in cold- climates, sorption-based GHP combi systems may be the most cost-effective GHP option while thermal compression offers incrementally higher performance Where cooling is more important than heating modes, vapor compression has advantages in technical maturity and again, thermal compression can have incrementally higher performance For commercial SHW applications, with a larger scale, vapor compression is an option with one product available, however sorption may again represent the most cost-effective option. Thermal compression, with high performance, may have challenges with cost-effectiveness in this segment. For packaged standalone HVAC equipment, vapor compression is a technically mature option as with residential packaged HVAC, however “split” style sorption-based equipment may prove more cost- effective in the near term though installations may be more complex. Hydronic heating and chilling GHPs, often as installed as systems wherein conventional heating and cooling equipment are installed in a baseload/ peaking arrangement, have advantages for air -to- water/brine equipment like sorption (near-term) and thermal compression (long-term). For Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) installations, currently codes and standards only permit certain refrigerants for use in this application, thus leaving vapor compression as the only option. Table 3: GHP Product Developments Sorted/Ranked by Market Application Market Application Vapor Compression Sorption Thermal Compression Residential Water Heater (DHW Only) Space Heating & Combi HVAC (Heating & Cooling) N/A Most Applicable Applicable Least Applicable Applicable Most Applicable Applicable Least Applicable Most Applicable Packaged Hot Water (SHW Only) Applicable Most Applicable N/A Commercial Packaged HVAC (e.g. RTUs) Most Applicable Applicable Least Applicable Hydronic Heating/Chilling (Incl. SHW) Least Applicable Applicable Most Applicable Variable Refrigerant Flow HVAC Most Applicable N/A N/A Presented by: Brio and GTI 19PDF Image | GAS HEAT PUMP TECHNOLOGY AND MARKET ROADMAP
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