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HEAT PUMPS USE REFRIGERANTS All heat pumps use some sort of transfer fluid to move heat energy from one space to another. The most common refrigerants for comfort heating and cooling use are proprietary blends of fluorinated chemicals. Fluorinated gases such as R410a and R134a are not ozone depleting but have very high global warming potentials (GWP).15,16 The EPA governs leakage rates of these harmful chemicals in “stationary refrigeration systems”, including comfort cooling.17 when a refrigerant circuit has 50 pounds or more of refrigerant.18 A central VRF plant can have more than 50 pounds of refrigerant in a circuit if the design heating capacity is greater than about 200 MBH. Such a VRF system installed today may have significant operations and leakage testing requirements imposed by the EPA.19 Any heat pump system installed today may be impacted by future regulation governing the availability of current refrigerants and replacement equipment that is compatible with current refrigerants. Enforcement of the requirement of the Montreal Protocol - Kigali Amendment20 is likely21 to require that the refrigerants in use today will be phased out from use in the U.S.22 over the next 15-20 years.23,24 This regulation impacts some heat pump systems more than others. Heat pumps that use split components connected by refrigerant lines such as VRF and mini-splits will be more difficult to replace because piping in occupied spaces may also need to be replaced, depending on the replacement refrigerant used. Packaged heat pumps may be easier to replace once installed, since a single piece of equipment can be swapped out for another without significant new piping. Heat pumps currently have expected lifespans of 15-20 years.25 The overlap of refrigerant legislation and equipment life means that a potentially major technology change may be required at the end of any upcoming heat pump installation. The more complex the heat pump infrastructure in a building, the more serious a consideration this needs to be. Refrigerant content normalized by heating capacity varies by technology type, as shown in Table 1 using an example product for each technology type. The table shows that packaged heat pumps tend to use less refrigerant to meet a given heating load. The exception is hybrid VRF systems, which use water for energy distribution to each occupied space from each branch box, reducing the amount of total refrigerant in the system, since some distribution piping is filled with water. Steven Winter Associates,Inc. 7PDF Image | HEAT PUMP RETROFIT STRATEGIES FOR MULTIFAMILY BUILDINGS
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