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SECTION 2: RETROFIT PRIMER FOR MULTIFAMILY BUILDING TYPOLOGIES This section describes several illustrative retrofits and their relative merits and barriers. Each sub-section is meant to: Describe illustrative retrofit projects to install heat pumps in apartment buildings for the primary multifamily typologies. As applicable, describe use of system for space heating, space cooling, and domestic hot water. Identify what determines plausibility of installing heat pump technology as a central system and unitized alternatives. Provide detail on any illustrative or model projects. Describe applicable heat pump technology for major configurations. Are products on the market (U.S. or other countries) for each of the major configurations in apartment building retrofits? Identify if there is a technology or product “gap” from a manufacturer or retailer perspective. Identify the implications of removing the existing system or keeping it as a backup system when installing the heat pump system. If applicable, describe opportunities to implement the retrofit in phases (e.g., replacing in-unit systems as such systems fail), and if applicable, how a phased strategy might look. Identify barriers that prevent apartment building owners from pursuing heat pump retrofits (e.g. availability of technology in the U.S., trained workforce, electricity cost, etc.) RETROFIT PROJECT 1: STEAM OR HOT WATER CENTRAL HEAT PUMPS WITH HYDRONIC DISTRIBUTION Cost Hydronic buildings: $5/SF for new central plant + $2/SF for new room heaters Steam Buildings: $5/SF for new central plant + $10/SF for new distribution piping and room heaters Equipment labor split: 50/50 Complexity Technology and/or Market Major Considerations Low/Medium – new room heaters are likely, new piping if not already hot water; room heater replacement can be done at turnover. Technology offerings in the US are not as good as other countries, nascent technology and market in the U.S. with few completed projects. Hydronic distribution systems have a long life expectancy and can be paired with new central plants as needed, reducing the burden of future upgrades as technology and regulation evolves. What: Description of the Technology Buildings with steam or hot water heating can remove the existing central plant to install a central air-to-water heat pump (AWHP) plant. A refrigerant circuit moves heat from the outdoor air to the space heating hot water loop. Buildings with steam systems will need to replace most distribution piping and room heaters, but hot water systems can reuse existing piping and potentially the room heaters. The major difference is that the central plant is converted from a gas or oil boiler to a plant that uses heat pumps to heat the water. Some central AWHP equipment can also provide chilled water for cooling.31 Cooling can be provided using the same distribution system if fan coil terminal units are used - baseboard convectors or radiators will not work. For heating, the room heater configuration needs to be compatible with low supply water temperatures (fan coil units or low-temp radiant panels/floors), as today’s large, HFC-based heat pump plants may not be able to produce very hot water on particularly cold days. Where possible, heat pump systems should be designed to minimize any form of supplemental electric resistance heating, as this will sacrifice heating efficiency when heating loads are the highest. Domestic hot water can be produced with this system in most climates, except for very cold climates where the outlet temperature may drop to less than 140°F required to charge a central Steven Winter Associates,Inc. 17PDF Image | HEAT PUMP RETROFIT STRATEGIES FOR MULTIFAMILY BUILDINGS
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