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storage tank. If cooling is being provided, a water-to-water heat pump can use rejected energy from the cooling loop to heat the DHW system, making use of otherwise rejected heat. Recovery of otherwise rejected energy should be a top priority during system design as the use of this energy reduces energy needs from external sources. Achieving the best performance from current heat pump technology requires that the water returning from the building loop is at a relatively low temperature. The heaters may need to be replaced or modified to allow for lower return water temperatures and valves added to control water flow and balance the system. No major work to existing hot water risers needs to take place in a hot water heated building. Figure 9. Central AWHP with hydronic distribution schematic. Dashed box indicates outdoor components. Image source: http://www.radiantprofessionalsalliance.org/Documents/EducationPresentations/HowtoSpecifyAWHP.pdf Where: Use Today and Retrofit Applications Central heat pumps that generate hot water are used around the world for domestic hot water and process loads. Similar technology can be used to provide hot water for space heating. Commercial-scale (larger than for a single-family home or single apartment) AWHPs are available in the U.S. but are only starting to be used for DHW and space heating applications in mild climates. Because the systems are not in wide use, designers and installers need education on the applications and navigating local requirements to implement AWHPs. Centralized steam and hot water heating are used in approximately 3.6 million apartments (46%) in 5+ unit multifamily buildings across the US. Most of these are in older urban areas such as the northern Midwest, New England, and Middle Atlantic regions (see Figure 1). Why: Benefits of this Typology Unlike central heat pumps with a refrigerant distribution system, a hydronic distribution system uses the same water for space heating that is used in millions of homes nationwide. The distribution system can be designed, installed, and serviced the same as typical hydronic systems. For a building using hot water space heating, the difference in each apartment is relatively minor, and any modifications to the heaters may be completed in a day or less. Any required distribution work can be done by the same professionals who install and maintain hydronic equipment. Both high rise and low-rise buildings can convert to this system. High-rise buildings can use heat exchangers to break the building up into sections, just as tall hot and chilled water buildings do today. Distribution pumps, zoning, and local controls do not fundamentally change from the existing system. Water distribution systems have lifespans of several decades and most buildings using hot water for space heating now will have piping that is in good enough condition to remain in use with the new central plant. The entire refrigerant circuit is packaged in a single piece of equipment, which eliminates the need for modification or assembly of the refrigerant circuit during installation. The equipment has a factory sealed Steven Winter Associates,Inc. 18PDF Image | HEAT PUMP RETROFIT STRATEGIES FOR MULTIFAMILY BUILDINGS
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